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Copyright, ii
About the Authors, iv
Preface, v
Chapter 1. Historic Perspectives, 1
Counseling: A Response to Human Needs, 1
Our Heritage from the Past, 1
The Development of Counseling and Guidance in U.S. Education, 4
The Development of Institutional and Agency Counseling Programs, 14
Summary, 21
Discussion Questions, 22
Class Activities, 22
Selected Historical Readings, 23
Research of Interest, 23
Chapter 2. What Do Counselors Do?, 24
Counseling as a Helping Profession, 24
The Professional Counselor, 26
Counseling as a Discipline, 26
Traditional Activities, 27
Individual Assessment, 29
Individual Counseling, 29
Group Guidance and Counseling, 29
Career Assistance, 30
Placement and Follow-Up, 31
Referral, 32
Consultation, 32
Research, 32
Evaluation and Accountability, 33
Prevention, 33
Basic Principles, 34
For Schools, 34
For Community Agencies, 35
Future Directions for the Profession, 36
Summary, 38
Discussion Questions, 39
Class Activities, 39
Selected Readings, 40
Research of Interest, 40
Chapter 3. Where Counselors Work, 41
Counselors in Education Settings, 41
Training Programs for Counselors in Educational Settings, 42
The Credentialing of School Counselors, 43
Advantages, 45
The Role and Function of Counselors in School Settings, 46
An Overview, 46
How Counselors in Educational Settings Spend Their Time, 47
The Elementary School Counselor, 48
The Middle/Junior High School Counselor, 56
The Secondary School Counselor, 59
Counselors in Vocational Schools, 64
Counselors in Higher Education, 64
Counseling Services in Community and Junior Colleges, 65
Teacher and Administrator Roles in the School Counseling Program, 66
The Classroom Teacher, 66
The Chief School Administrator, 69
The Counselor and Relationships with Other Helping Professions, 70
The School Psychologist, 70
The School Social Worker, 71
The Special Educator, 72
School Health Personnel, 72
Psychiatrists, 73
Patterns of Counseling Program Organization in Educational Settings, 73
Counseling in Elementary Schools, 73
Counseling in Secondary Schools, 75
Counseling in Institutions of Higher Education, 80
The Ecology of the School, 81
Future Directions for School Programs of Counseling, 82
An International Perspective: Counselors in Other Countries, 85
Counselors in Community and Agency Settings, 99
Training Programs for Counselors in Community and Agency Settings, 99
The Importance of Licensure, 100
Community and Mental Health Agencies, 101
The Agency Team, 102
Counseling in the Community Setting, 103
Employment Counseling, 105
Employee Assistance Counselors, 108
Correctional Counseling, 109
Rehabilitation Counseling, 109
Marriage and Family Counseling, 111
Pastoral Counseling, 112
Gerontology Counseling, 113
Private Practice, 113
Future Directions, 114
International Settings: Community/Agency Counselors, 116
Summary, 123
Discussion Questions, 124
Class Activities, 124
Selected Readings, 125
Research of Interest, 126
Chapter 4. Individual Counseling, 127
Theories of Counseling, 128
Psychoanalytic Theory, 129
Individual Psychology, 131
Person-Centered Theory, 132
Behavioral Theory, 134
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, 136
Reality Therapy, 138
Transactional Analysis, 139
Gestalt Counseling, 141
Other Theories, 142
Theoretical Preferences of Practicing Counselors in Educational Settings, 146
Building a Personal Theory, 147
Goals of Counseling, 149
The Counseling Process, 150
Relationship Establishment, 150
Problem Identification and Exploration, 151
Planning for Problem Solving, 153
Solution Application and Termination, 154
Counseling Skills, 155
Communication Skills, 155
Short-Term Counseling or Brief Therapy, 158
Special Counseling Populations, 158
Substance Abusers, 158
Tobacco, 159
Alcohol, 159
Women, 160
Older Adults, 161
Business and Industry, 163
AIDS Patients, 163
Abuse Victims, 164
Gays and Lesbians, 166
People with Disabilities, 167
The Poor, 168
Summary, 168
Discussion Questions, 168
Class Activities, 169
Selected Readings, 169
Research of Interest, 170
Chapter 5. Group Techniques for Counselors, 171
Definitions and Explanations, 172
Group Guidance, 172
Group Counseling, 172
Group Therapy, 172
T-Groups, 173
Sensitivity Groups, 173
Encounter Groups, 173
Task Groups, 173
Psychoeducation Groups, 174
Minigroups, 174
Group Process and Group Dynamics, 174
In-Groups and Out-Groups, 174
Social Networks, 174
Professional Standards for the Training of Group Workers, 175
Group Counseling, 176
Theoretical Considerations, 176
Values of Group Counseling, 177
Selection of Groups Members, 179
Group Leadership, 182
Group Process, 184
The Establishment of the Group, 184
Identification: Group Role and Goal, 184
Productivity, 185
Realization, 186
Termination, 187
Group Guidance Activities, 188
Values, 188
Organizing Group Guidance Activities, 189
Classroom Guidance Activities, 190
Values Development Activities for Groups, 191
Values Defined, 192
Values and Counseling, 192
Historic Concerns, 192
Values Theory and Process, 194
Multicultural Issues and Groups, 195
Technology and Groups, 196
Summary, 196
Discussion Questions, 197
Class Activities, 197
Selected Readings, 197
Research of Interest, 198
Chapter 6. Multicultural Counseling, 199
Ethnic Groups and Multicultural Counseling, 200
African Americans, 202
Latin Americans, 204
Asian Americans, 204
Arab Americans, 206
Native Americans, 206
The Culturally Skilled Counselor, 207
Summary, 210
Discussion Questions, 210
Class Activities, 210
Selected Readings, 210
Research of Interest, 211
Chapter 7. Human Assessment for Counseling, 213
Role of Assessment, 213
Standardized Testing for Client Assessment, 213
Standardized Test Scores: What Do They Mean?, 215
Averages, 215
Variations From the Average, 216
Relationships, 217
Statistical Symbols, 218
Presenting Test Scores, 218
Percentiles, 219
Deciles and Quartiles, 220
Standard Scores, 221
Standard Error of Measurement, 221
Stanines, 222
Norms, 222
Age Norms, 222
Grade Norms, 223
Selecting a Test: What Criteria?, 224
Validity, 224
Reliability, 225
Practicality, 225
Types of Standardized Tests, 225
Intelligence or Aptitude?, 226
Intelligence Testing, 226
Aptitude Tests, 228
Special Aptitude Tests, 229
Vocational Aptitude Batteries, 229
Scholastic Aptitude Tests, 230
Academic Achievement Tests, 231
Interest Inventories, 233
Personality Tests, 235
Criterion-Referenced Testing, 238
Computerized Adaptive Testing, 238
Developing a Testing Program, 239
Multicultural Issues, 240
A Concluding Thought on Standardized Testing, 241
Nonstandardized Techniques for Human Assessment, 241
Concepts of Human Assessment, 242
Sociology, 242
Psychology, 242
Anthropology, 242
Economics, 243
Interdisciplinary Implications for Counseling, 243
Guidelines for Human Assessment, 243
Doing What Comes Naturally: Observation, 245
Forms of Observation, 245
Guidelines for Client Analysis Through Observation, 247
Rating Scales, 249
Checklists, 252
Inventories, 252
Anecdotal Reports, 253
Situational Observations, 257
Behavioral Charting, 257
Instrument Selection, 257
DSM-IV-TR, 258
Self-Reporting: The Autobiography and Other Techniques, 260
The Autobiography: A Popular Genre, 260
Self-Expression Essays, 261
The Self-Description, 263
Self-Awareness Exercises, 264
Diaries and Daily Schedules, 266
Questionnaires, 266
Structured Interviews, 268
Intake Interviews, 269
The Card Sort Technique, 269
Group Assessment Techniques, 270
Sociometric Techniques, 270
The “Guess Who?” Technique, 273
Communigrams, 275
Social Distance Scales, 275
Ecological Assessment, 276
Values Assessment, 277
Records, 277
Basic Considerations, 278
Summary, 282
Discussion Questions, 282
Class Activities, 283
Selected Readings, 283
Research of Interest, 284
Chapter 8. Counseling for Career Planning and Decision Making, 285
Definitions and Clarifications, 286
Current Interests in Career Planning, 287
The Changing Nature of the World of Work, 288
Theories of Career Development and Decision Making, 290
Trait-Factor Theory, 291
The Developmental Theories, 292
Personality Theories, 296
Social Learning Theory, 299
A Holistic Theory for Career Counseling with Adults, 299
Sociological Theories, 300
Economic Theories, 300
Other Theories, 302
Implications of Career Theories for Counselors, 302
Career Counseling and the Development of Human Potential, 303
Women, 304
Minorities, 306
The Poor, 307
People with Disabilities, 308
Dual-Career Couples, 309
Career Planning and Decision Making in Schools, 309
The School Counselor’s Role in Student Career Development, 312
Techniques for Career Planning and Decision Making, 314
Career Counseling in Nonschool Settings, 320
Computerized Career Assistance Systems, 325
Information Systems, 325
Guidance Systems, 325
Career Information and the Internet, 327
Ethical Considerations, 329
Summary, 330
Discussion Questions, 330
Class Activities, 331
Selected Readings, 331
Research of Interest, 332
Chapter 9. The Counselor as Developmental and Educational Consultant, 333
The Consultation Process, 334
Consultation Models, 335
Consultation Skills, 340
Consultation in School Settings, 340
Consulting with Teachers, 341
The Counselor as a Consultant to the School Administrator, 342
Consulting with Parents, 342
The Counselor as a Curriculum Consultant, 343
Consultation Services to Community and Business Organizations, 344
Summary, 345
Discussion Questions, 345
Class Activities, 346
Selected Readings, 346
Research of Interest, 347
Chapter 10. Prevention and Wellness, 348
Prevention, 348
Prevention in Nonschool Settings, 354
Wellness, 354
Stress Management, 356
Recreation and Leisure, 358
Summary, 360
Discussion Questions, 361
Class Activities, 361
Selected Readings, 361
Research of Interest, 362
Chapter 11. Counseling Program Development and Management, 363
Developing the Accountable Program, 364
The Needs Assessment, 365
Data Analysis and Interpretation, 368
Identifying Program Priorities and Goals, 368
Identifying Processes for Achievement of Program Goals, 372
Communications: An Important Part of Procedural Planning, 372
Evaluating the Counseling Program, 373
A Process for Professional and Program Improvement, 373
Other Functions of Evaluation, 374
Principles of Evaluation, 375
Methods of Evaluation, 376
Procedures for Evaluation, 377
External Evaluation Associations, 378
Understanding Program Management and Development, 379
Administration and Your Job, 379
Program Management, 382
Managing Resources, 383
Managing Facilities, 387
Developing and Managing the Basic Activities, 388
Research for Program Improvement, 389
Positive Outcomes of Research, 389
Some Definitions, 390
The Research Process, 392
Utilizing Research Reports, 395
Writing Research Grant Applications, 396
Reporting Research Results, 397
Ethical Issues in Human Research, 398
Program Leadership, 398
Summary, 399
Discussion Questions, 400
Class Activities, 400
Selected Readings, 400
Research of Interest, 401
Chapter 12. Ethical and Legal Guidelines, 402
The Nature of Ethics, 402
Ethical Issues, 403
Competence, 403
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication, 403
Personal Relationships with Clients, 405
The Counselor and the Law, 407
The Counselor and Title IX, 408
The Counselor and the Buckley Amendment, 408
School Counselors and Public Law 94-142, 409
The Counselor and the Americans with Disabilities Act, 409
Legal Concerns of Counselors, 410
Confidentiality, 410
Competence and Malpractice, 411
Counselors as Expert Witnesses, 411
Third-Party Payments, 412
Summary, 412
Discussion Questions, 413
Class Activities, 413
Selected Readings, 413
Research of Interest, 413
Appendix A. Position Statement: Child Abuse/Neglect Prevention (ASCA), 414
Appendix B. Responsibilities of Users of Standardized Tests (RUST) (AAC), 416
Appendix C. Code of Ethics (ACA), 420
Appendix D. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct 2002, 442
Appendix E. Code of Ethics (AMHCA), 458
Appendix F. Code of Ethics (AAMFT), 470
Appendix G. Code of Ethics (NBCC), 476
Appendix H. Guidelines for the Use of the Internet for Provision of Career Information and Planning Services (NCDA), 483
Appendix I. The Practice of Internet Counseling (NBCC), 486
Appendix J. Career Counseling Competencies (NCDA), 490
Appendix K. Competencies in Assessment and Evaluation for School Counselors (AACE), 495
References, 498
Name Index, 507
Subject Index, 513

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