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Copyright, ii
Preface, xiii
Acknowledgments, xx
Chapter 1. An International Perspective, 1
Why Study the Legal System of Other Countries?, 3
Provincial Benefits of an International Perspective, 4
Universal Benefits of an International Perspective, 6
Neighbor Cooperation, 6
Multinational Cooperation, 9
Approaches to an International Perspective, 13
Historical Approach, 13
Political Approach, 15
Descriptive Approach, 17
Strategies Under the Descriptive Approach, 17
The Functions/Procedures Strategy, 18
The Institutions/Actors Strategy, 20
Comparison Through Classification, 20
The Need for Classification, 21
Classification Strategies, 21
The Role of Classification in This Book, 23
The Structure of this Book, 24
Summary, 26
Discussion Questions, 27
Chapter 2. Domestic Crime, Transnational Crime, and Justice, 28
Comparative Criminology and Criminal Justice, 29
Comparative Criminology Looks at Crime as a Social Phenomenon, 30
Comparing Similar Data, 30
Comparing Over Time, 34
Using United Nations Crime Data, 35
Using International Crime Victim Data, 36
Comparative Criminology Looks at Crime as Social Behavior, 40
Modernization Theories, 41
Civilization Theory, 41
World System Theory, 42
Opportunity Theories, 42
Transnational Crime, 43
Transnational Crime Types, 44
Computer Crime, 44
Corruption and Bribery of Public Officials, Party Officials, and Elected Representatives, 45
Illicit Drug Trafficking, 46
Money Laundering, 47
Sea Piracy, 49
Theft of Art and Cultural Objects, 49
Trade in Human Body Parts, 49
Trafficking in Persons, 50
Terrorism, 51
Domestic and International Terrorism, 53
Terrorism Typologies, 54
Communist/Socialist, 57
Nationalist/Separatist, 57
Religious, 58
Response to Transnational Crime, 59
National Efforts: United States of America, 59
International Efforts, 62
Interpol Responds to Transnational Crime, 62
The United Nations Responds to Transnational Crime, 63
Summary, 65
Discussion Questions, 66
Chapter 3. An American Perspective on Criminal Law, 67
Essential Ingredients of Justice Systems, 68
Substantive Criminal Law, 69
General Characteristics of Criminal Law, 72
Major Principles of Criminal Law, 74
Procedural Criminal Law, 78
Constitutional Provisions for the Criminal Process, 79
Crime Control Model, 81
Due Process Model, 83
Liberty, Safety, and Fighting Terrorism, 86
The USA PATRIOT Act—Substantive Law Issues, 87
Section 206, 87
Section 215, 88
Section 213, 89
Due Process and Terrorist Suspects—Procedural Law Issues, 90
Is America’s Reaction That Different?, 94
Summary, 96
Discussion Questions, 97
Chapter 4. Legal Traditions, 98
Legal Systems and Legal Traditions, 99
Today’s Four Legal Traditions, 104
Common Legal Tradition, 105
Feudal Practices, 106
Custom, 108
Equity, 110
Civil Legal Tradition, 112
Roman Law, 112
Canon Law, 113
Codification, 114
Socialist Legal Tradition, 115
Russian Law, 117
Law as Artificial, 118
Marxism-Leninism, 119
Socialist Legal Tradition After the USSR’s Demise, 122
Islamic (Religious/Philosophical) Legal Tradition, 123
The Qur’an and Sunna, 124
Ijma and Qiyas, 126
Schools of Law, 127
Comparison of the Legal Traditions, 130
Cultural Component, 132
Private and Public Law, 133
Balance/Separation of Powers, 135
Substantive Component, 137
Primary Source of Common Law, 138
Primary Source of Civil Law, 138
Primary Source of Socialist Law, 138
Primary Source of Islamic Law, 139
Procedural Component, 139
Flexibility in Common Law, 140
Flexibility in Civil Law, 140
Flexibility in Socialist Law, 141
Flexibility in Islamic Law, 142
Summary, 144
Discussion Questions, 144
Chapter 5. Substantive Law and Procedural Law in the Four Legal Traditions, 146
Substantive Criminal Law, 147
General Characteristics and Major Principles, 147
Substantive Law in the Common Legal Tradition, 151
Substantive Law in the Civil Legal Tradition, 153
Substantive Law in the Socialist Legal Tradition, 156
Substantive Law in Islamic Legal Tradition, 158
Hudud Crimes, 159
Qisas Crimes, 161
Tazir Crimes, 162
Procedural Criminal Law, 162
Adjudicatory Processes, 165
Inquisitorial Process, 166
Adversarial Process, 169
Contrasting Adversarial and Inquisitorial Processes, 170
Procedural Law in the Islamic Legal Tradition, 171
Judicial Review, 177
Diffuse Model for Judicial Review, 179
Concentrated Model for Judicial Review, 183
Mixed Model for Judicial Review, 186
Judicial Review in the Islamic and Socialist Traditions, 187
Summary, 188
Discussion Questions, 189
Chapter 6. An International Perspective on Policing, 191
Classification of Police Structures, 193
Centralized Single Systems: Ghana, 195
Decentralized Single Systems: Japan, 198
Centralized Multiple Coordinated Systems: France, 203
Gendarmerie Nationale, 205
Police Nationale, 206
Decentralized Multiple Coordinated Systems: Germany, 209
Centralized Multiple Uncoordinated Systems: Spain, 213
Guardia Civil, 214
Cuerpo Nacional de Policia, 215
Policia Municipal, 216
Uncoordinated Policing, 216
Decentralized Multiple Uncoordinated Systems: Mexico, 217
Federal Policing, 220
State Policing, 221
Municipal Policing, 222
Federal District Policing, 222
Reform Attempts, 222
Policing Issues: Police Misconduct, 223
Policing Issues: Global Cooperation, 226
International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO)—Interpol, 226
Europol, 229
Examples of Harmonization and Approximation in the European Union, 230
The Schengen Convention, 230
The European Arrest Warrant, 231
Summary, 232
Discussion Questions, 233
Chapter 7. An International Perspective on Courts, 235
Professional Actors in the Judiciary, 237
Variation in Legal Training, 237
Variation in Prosecution, 240
United States, 242
France, 243
England and Wales, 246
Variation in Defense, 247
The Adjudicators, 251
Presumption of Innocence, 253
Professional Judges, 254
An Independent Judiciary, 254
Becoming a Judge, 255
Lay Judges and Jurors, 257
Juries, 257
Lay Judges, 259
Examples Along the Adjudication Continuum, 260
Saudi Arabia, 261
England, 262
Germany, 265
Variation in Court Organization, 269
France, 269
Trial Level: Police Court, 271
Trial Level: Correctional Courts, 271
Trial Level: Assize Court, 272
Appellate Level: Courts of Appeal, 273
Appellate Level: Supreme Court of Appeal, 273
England and Wales, 274
Her Majesty’s Court Service, 274
Trial Level: Magistrates’ Court, 274
Trial Level: Crown Court, 276
Appellate Level: Court of Appeal, 277
Appellate Level: House of Lords, 277
Nigeria, 278
China, 281
Saudi Arabia, 285
Summary, 287
Discussion Questions, 288
Chapter 8. An International Perspective on Corrections, 289
Comparative Penology, 292
Typologies for Comparative Penology, 292
Punishment, 294
Justifications for Punishment, 294
International Standards for Corrections, 296
International Agreements on Corrections, 296
Financial Penalties, 297
Fines, 297
Day Fines, 298
Examples from Sweden and Germany, 298
Compensation to Victims and Community, 299
Diyya in Saudi Arabia, 299
Donation Penalties in Germany, 301
Corporal and Capital Punishment, 303
International Standards, 303
Corporal Punishment, 304
Capital Punishment, 306
Retention and Abolition Around the World, 306
Why the Variation in Acceptance?, 307
The Role of Public Opinion, 309
The Death Penalty in China, 312
Noncustodial Sanctions, 315
International Standards, 315
Community Corrections, 315
Probation, 316
Probation’s History Around the World, 317
Probation Today, 319
Custodial Sanctions, 319
International Standards, 320
Prison Populations, 321
Prison Systems, 323
South Africa, 324
Brazil, 327
India, 329
Women in Prison, 331
The Small Numbers of Women Prisoners, 332
The Impact of Imprisoning Drug Offenders, 333
Needs and Problems of Women Prisoners, 334
Minorities in Prison, 335
Disparity Around the World, 335
Summary, 337
Discussion Questions, 338
Chapter 9. An International Perspective on Juvenile Justice, 339
Delinquency as a Worldwide Problem, 341
Setting International Standards, 343
Determining Who Are Juveniles, 344
Determining the Process, 346
Models of Juvenile Justice, 347
Welfare Model, 347
New Zealand’s Version of the Welfare Model, 348
Police Response, 349
Family Group Conference, 350
Youth Court, 352
Legalistic Model, 353
Preliminary Investigation, 354
Preliminary Hearing, 354
Trial, 355
Corporatist Model, 356
Key Agencies, 358
Diversion Options, 359
Youth Court, 360
Participatory Model, 363
The Importance of Legal Education, 366
Other Informal Efforts, 366
Formal Procedures, 367
Summary, 369
Discussion Questions, 371
Chapter 10. Japan: Examples of Effectiveness and Borrowing, 372
Why Study Japan?, 373
Japan’s Effective Criminal Justice System, 374
Borrowing in a Cross-Cultural Context, 375
Japanese Cultural Patterns, 377
Homogeneity, 378
Contextualism and Harmony, 379
Collectivism, 379
Hierarchies and Order, 380
Criminal Law, 382
Law by Bureaucratic Informalism, 385
Policing, 387
Why Are the Japanese Police Effective?, 387
Deployment of Police Officers, 388
The Citizen as Partner, 390
Policing as Service, 391
Judiciary, 393
Pretrial Activities, 396
Police Role, 396
Prosecutor Role, 399
Defense Attorney Role, 401
Court Structure and Trial Options, 403
Court Structure, 404
Adjudication in Summary Courts, 406
Adjudication With Modified Public Trials, 407
Adjudication With Regular Trials, 407
Judgments, 408
Corrections, 409
Community Corrections, 410
Probation and Parole, 411
Prison Sentences, 412
Coming Full Circle, 414
What Might Work, 415
Summary, 418
Discussion Questions, 419
Bibliography, 421
Appendix: World Maps, 447
Index, 457

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