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Copyright, iv
An Introduction to the Applets, x
Preface, xi
About the Authors, xxvi
Student Resources, xxvii
Instructor Resources, xxviii
Part 1. Gathering and Exploring Data, 1
1. Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data, 2
1.1. How Can You Investigate Using Data?, 4
1.2. We Learn about Populations Using Samples, 8
1.3. What Role Do Computers Play in Statistics?, 15
Chapter Summary, 20
Chapter Problems, 21
2. Exploring Data with Graphs and Numerical Summaries, 24
2.1. What Are the Types of Data?, 26
2.2. How Can We Describe Data Using Graphical Summaries?, 30
2.3. How Can We Describe the Center of Quantitative Data?, 48
2.4. How Can We Describe the Spread of Quantitative Data?, 57
2.5. How Can Measures of Position Describe Spread?, 65
2.6. How Can Graphical Summaries Be Misused?, 76
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 81
Chapter Summary, 82
Chapter Problems, 83
3. Association: Contingency, Correlation, and Regression, 92
3.1. How Can We Explore the Association between Two Categorical Variables?, 94
3.2. How Can We Explore the Association between Two Quantitative Variables?, 101
3.3. How Can We Predict the Outcome of a Variable?, 114
3.4. What Are Some Cautions in Analyzing Associations?, 128
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 145
Chapter Summary, 145
Chapter Problems, 146
4. Gathering Data, 154
4.1. Should We Experiment or Should We Merely Observe?, 156
4.2. What Are Good Ways and Poor Ways to Sample?, 163
4.3. What Are Good Ways and Poor Ways to Experiment?, 175
4.4. What Are Other Ways to Perform Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies?, 181
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 193
Chapter Summary, 193
Chapter Problems, 193
Part 1 Review: Gathering and Exploring Data, 202
Part 1 Questions, 202
Part 1 Exercises, 206
Part 2. Probability, Probability Distributions and Sampling Distributions, 211
5. Probability in Our Daily Lives, 212
5.1. How Can Probability Quantify Randomness?, 214
5.2. How Can We Find Probabilities?, 221
5.3. Conditional Probability: What’s the Probability of A, Given B?, 234
5.4. Applying the Probability Rules, 245
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 258
Chapter Summary, 259
Chapter Problems, 259
6. Probability Distributions, 266
6.1. How Can We Summarize Possible Outcomes and Their Probabilities?, 268
6.2. How Can We Find Probabilities for Bell-Shaped Distributions?, 279
6.3. How Can We Find Probabilities When Each Observation Has Two Possible Outcomes?, 291
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 301
Chapter Summary, 302
Chapter Problems, 302
7. Sampling Distributions, 308
7.1. How Likely Are the Possible Values of a Statistic? The Sampling Distribution, 310
7.2. How Close Are Sample Means to Population Means?, 322
7.3. How Can We Make Inferences about a Population?, 334
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 339
Chapter Summary, 339
Chapter Problems, 340
Part 2 Review: Probability, Probability Distributions, and Sampling Distributions, 346
Part 2 Questions, 346
Part 2 Exercises, 350
Part 3. Inferential Statistics, 353
8. Statistical Inference: Confidence Intervals, 354
8.1. What Are Point and Interval Estimates of Population Parameters?, 356
8.2. How Can We Construct a Confidence Interval to Estimate a Population Proportion?, 362
8.3. How Can We Construct a Confidence Interval to Estimate a Population Mean?, 373
8.4. How Do We Choose the Sample Size for a Study?, 385
8.5. How Do Computers Make New Estimation Methods Possible?, 395
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 398
Chapter Summary, 398
Chapter Problems, 399
9. Statistical Inference: Significance Tests about Hypotheses, 406
9.1. What Are the Steps for Performing a Significance Test?, 408
9.2. Significance Tests about Proportions, 412
9.3. Significance Tests about Means, 428
9.4. Decisions and Types of Errors in Significance Tests, 441
9.5. Limitations of Significance Tests, 446
9.6. How Likely Is a Type II Error (Not Rejecting H_{0}, Even Though It’s False)?, 453
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 459
Chapter Summary, 459
Chapter Problems, 460
10. Comparing Two Groups, 466
10.1. Categorical Response: How Can We Compare Two Proportions?, 469
10.2. Quantitative Response: How Can We Compare Two Means?, 481
10.3. Other Ways of Comparing Means and Comparing Proportions, 494
10.4. How Can We Analyze Dependent Samples?, 502
10.5. How Can We Adjust for Effects of Other Variables?, 514
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 520
Chapter Summary, 520
Chapter Problems, 521
Part 3 Review: Statistical Inference Methods, 532
Part 3 Questions, 532
Part 3 Exercises, 537
Part 4. Analyzing Association and Extended Statistical Methods, 543
11. Analyzing the Association between Categorical Variables, 544
11.1. What Is Independence and What Is Association?, 546
11.2. How Can We Test Whether Categorical Variables Are Independent?, 550
11.3. How Strong Is the Association?, 564
11.4. How Can Residuals Reveal the Pattern of Association?, 572
11.5. What if the Sample Size Is Small? Fisher’s Exact Test, 575
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 580
Chapter Summary, 580
Chapter Problems, 580
12. Analyzing the Association Between Quantitative Variables: Regression Analysis, 586
12.1. How Can We “Model” How Two Variables Are Related?, 588
12.2. How Can We Describe Strength of Association?, 596
12.3. How Can We Make Inferences about the Association?, 609
12.4. What Do We Learn from How the Data Vary around the Regression Line?, 616
12.5. Exponential Regression: A Model for Nonlinearity, 626
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 632
Chapter Summary, 632
Chapter Problems, 633
13. Multiple Regression, 640
13.1. How Can We Use Several Variables to Predict a Response?, 642
13.2. Extending the Correlation and R-Squared for Multiple Regression, 648
13.3. How Can We Use Multiple Regression to Make Inferences?, 653
13.4. Checking a Regression Model Using Residual Plots, 663
13.5. How Can Regression Include Categorical Predictors?, 668
13.6. How Can We Model a Categorical Response?, 675
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 683
Chapter Summary, 684
Chapter Problems, 684
14. Comparing Groups: Analysis of Variance Methods, 690
14.1. How Can We Compare Several Means?: One-Way ANOVA, 692
14.2. How Should We Follow Up an ANOVA F Test?, 702
14.3. What If There Are Two Factors?: Two-Way ANOVA, 711
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 725
Chapter Summary, 725
Chapter Problems, 726
15. Nonparametric Statistics, 732
15.1. How Can We Compare Two Groups by Ranking?, 734
15.2. Nonparametric Methods for Several Groups and for Matched Pairs, 745
Answers to the Chapter Figure Questions, 756
Chapter Summary, 756
Chapter Problems, 756
Part 4 Review: Analyzing Associations, 760
Part 4 Questions, 760
Part 4 Exercises, 765
Appendix A, A-1
Answers, A-7
Index, I-1
Index of Applications, I-7
Photo Credits, P-1
A Guide to Learning From the Art in This Text, EP-1
Single PC License Agreement and Limited Warranty, IFC-1

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