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Copyright, ii
Preface, xi
About the Authors, 1
Chapter 1. Introduction and Methods of Research, 2
How Do We Define Abnormal Behavior?, 6
Criteria for Determining Abnormality, 6
Cultural Bases of Abnormal Behavior, 9
Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior, 10
The Demonological Model, 10
Origins of the Medical Model: In “Ill Humor”, 11
Medieval Times, 11
Witchcraft, 12
Asylums, 13
The Reform Movement and Moral Therapy, 13
A Step Backward, 14
The Community Mental Health Movement: The Exodus from State Hospitals, 15
Contemporary Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior, 15
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: What Is Abnormal Behavior?, 18
Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology, 19
Description, Explanation, Prediction, and Control: The Objectives of Science, 19
The Scientific Method, 21
Ethics in Research, 21
Naturalistic Observation, 22
The Correlational Method, 22
The Experimental Method, 23
Epidemiological Studies, 26
Kinship Studies, 27
Case Studies, 29
A Closer Look: Thinking Critically About Abnormal Psychology, 31
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Psychoquackery: Discredited Psychological Treatments in Mental Health, 32
Summing Up, 33
Chapter 2. Contemporary Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior, 36
The Biological Perspective, 38
The Nervous System, 38
Evaluating Biological Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior, 43
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Is It All in the Genes?, 44
The Psychological Perspective, 45
Psychodynamic Models, 45
Learning Models, 52
Humanistic Models, 56
Cognitive Models, 58
The Sociocultural Perspective, 60
Ethnicity and Mental Health, 60
Evaluating the Sociocultural Perspective, 63
The Biopsychosocial Perspective, 63
The Diathesis–Stress Model, 64
Evaluating the Biopsychosocial Perspective, 65
The Case of Jessica—A Final Word, 66
Summing Up, 66
Chapter 3. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior, 68
How are Abnormal Behavior Patterns Classified?, 70
The DSM and Models of Abnormal Behavior, 70
Standards of Assessment, 77
Reliability, 77
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: The Bible of Psychiatry, 78
Validity, 79
Methods of Assessment, 80
The Clinical Interview, 80
Computerized Interviews, 81
Psychological Tests, 82
Neuropsychological Assessment, 90
Behavioral Assessment, 92
Cognitive Assessment, 95
Physiological Measurement, 96
Sociocultural and Ethnic Factors in Assessment, 99
Summing Up, 100
Chapter 4. Methods of Treatment, 102
Types of Helping Professionals, 104
Psychotherapy, 104
A Closer Look: How Do I Find Help?, 106
Psychodynamic Therapy, 107
Behavior Therapy, 110
Humanistic Therapy, 111
Cognitive Therapy, 113
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, 116
Eclectic Therapy, 117
Group, Family, and Couple Therapy, 118
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Online Therapy: A New Therapeutic Tool, or Pandora’s Box?, 119
Evaluating Methods of Psychotherapy, 119
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: The Controversy Over Evidence-Based Practice: Repairing the Rift, 121
Multicultural Issues in Psychotherapy, 123
Biomedical Therapies, 126
Drug Therapy, 126
Electroconvulsive Therapy, 128
Psychosurgery, 130
Evaluation of Biological Approaches, 130
Hospitalization and Community-Based Care, 131
Roles for Hospitalization, 131
The Community Mental Health Center, 131
Ethnic Group Differences in Use of Mental Health Services, 133
Racial Stereotyping and the Mental Health System, 135
Evaluation of Deinstitutionalization, 136
Summing Up, 137
Chapter 5. Stress, Psychological Factors, and Health, 140
Adjustment Disorders, 142
Stress and Illness, 144
Stress and the Endocrine System, 144
Stress and the Immune System, 145
Terrorism-Related Trauma, 146
The General Adaptation Syndrome, 147
A Closer Look: Warning Signs of Trauma-Related Stress, 148
Stress and Life Changes, 149
Questionnaire: Going Through Changes, 150
Acculturative Stress: Making It in America, 150
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Coming to America: The Case of Latinos, 153
Psychological Factors That Moderate Stress, 153
Psychological Factors and Physical Disorders, 156
Questionnaire: The Life Orientation Test, 157
A Closer Look: Psychological Methods for Lowering Arousal, 157
Headaches, 159
Cardiovascular Disease, 160
A Closer Look: Dying of a Broken Heart, 162
Asthma, 163
Cancer, 164
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 165
Summing Up, 168
Chapter 6. Anxiety Disorders, 170
Overview of Anxiety Disorders, 171
Panic Disorder, 172
Theoretical Perspectives, 175
Treatment Approaches, 177
A Closer Look: Coping with a Panic Attack, 179
Phobic Disorders, 179
Types of Phobic Disorders, 180
Theoretical Perspectives, 184
Treatment Approaches, 189
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, 194
Theoretical Perspectives, 195
Treatment Approaches, 198
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 198
Theoretical Perspectives, 199
Treatment Approaches, 200
Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 200
Features of Traumatic Stress Disorders, 203
Theoretical Perspectives, 204
Treatment Approaches, 204
Ethnic Differences in Anxiety Disorders, 204
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: EMDR: Fad or Find?, 205
Tying it Together, 206
Summing Up, 206
Chapter 7. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders, 210
Dissociative Disorders, 212
Dissociative Identity Disorder, 212
Dissociative Amnesia, 217
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Are Recovered Memories Credible?, 219
Dissociative Fugue, 219
Depersonalization Disorder, 221
Questionnaire: The Dissociative Experiences Scale, 223
Culture-Bound Dissociative Syndromes, 223
Theoretical Perspectives, 223
Treatment of Dissociative Disorders, 225
Tying it Together, 226
Somatoform Disorders, 227
A Closer Look: Münchausen Syndrome, 230
Conversion Disorder, 231
Hypochondriasis, 232
Body Dysmorphic Disorder, 233
Pain Disorder, 234
Somatization Disorder, 235
Koro and Dhat Syndromes: Far Eastern Somatoform Disorders?, 236
Theoretical Perspectives, 237
Treatment of Somatoform Disorders, 240
Summing Up, 241
Chapter 8. Mood Disorders and Suicide, 246
Types of Mood Disorders, 248
Major Depressive Disorder, 249
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Why Are More Women Depressed?, 253
Questionnaire: Are You Depressed?, 254
Dysthymic Disorder, 254
Bipolar Disorder, 256
Cyclothymic Disorder, 258
Causal Factors in Depressive Disorders, 259
Stress and Depression, 259
Psychodynamic Theories, 260
Humanistic Theories, 261
Learning Theories, 261
Cognitive Theories, 263
Learned Helplessness (Attributional) Theory, 266
Biological Factors, 268
A Closer Look: Something Fishy About This, 269
Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders, 269
Treatment of Mood Disorders, 270
Treating Depression, 270
Biological Approaches, 273
Treating Bipolar Disorder, 276
Tying it Together, 277
A Closer Look: Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Depression, 278
Suicide, 278
Who Commits Suicide?, 279
Why Do People Commit Suicide?, 281
Theoretical Perspectives on Suicide, 281
Predicting Suicide, 284
A Closer Look: Suicide Prevention, 285
Summing Up, 285
Chapter 9. Substance Abuse and Dependence, 290
Classification of Substance-Related Disorders, 291
Substance Abuse and Dependence, 292
Addiction and Other Forms of Compulsive Behavior, 294
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Substance Use Disorders, 295
Pathways to Drug Dependence, 295
Drugs of Abuse, 296
Depressants, 296
Questionnaire: Are You Hooked?, 298
A Closer Look: Binge Drinking, a Dangerous College Pastime, 301
Stimulants, 305
Hallucinogens, 308
Theoretical Perspectives, 310
Biological Perspectives, 310
Learning Perspectives, 312
Cognitive Perspectives, 315
Psychodynamic Perspectives, 315
Sociocultural Perspectives, 316
Treatment of Substance Abuse and Dependence, 316
Biological Approaches, 317
Culturally Sensitive Treatment of Alcoholism, 319
Nonprofessional Support Groups, 319
Residential Approaches, 320
Psychodynamic Approaches, 320
Behavioral Approaches, 320
Relapse-Prevention Training, 322
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: In the Eye of the Storm: The Controlled Drinking Controversy, 323
Tying it Together, 325
Summing Up, 325
Chapter 10. Eating Disorders and Sleep Disorders, 330
Eating Disorders, 332
Anorexia Nervosa, 333
Bulimia Nervosa, 334
Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia, 336
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Should Barbie Be Banned?, 339
Questionnaire: The Fear of Fat Scale, 341
Treatment of Eating Disorders, 341
Binge-Eating Disorder, 342
Tying it Together, 343
A Closer Look: Obesity: A National Epidemic, 343
Sleep Disorders, 345
Dyssomnias, 346
Parasomnias, 349
Treatment of Sleep Disorders, 351
A Closer Look: To Sleep, Perchance to Dream, 354
Summing Up, 354
Chapter 11. Disorders Involving Gender and Sexuality, 358
Gender Identity Disorder, 360
Theoretical Perspectives, 363
A Closer Look: Homophobia: Social Prejudice or Personal Psychopathology?, 364
Sexual Dysfunctions, 365
Types of Sexual Dysfunctions, 366
Theoretical Perspectives, 367
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions, 372
Paraphilias, 376
Types of Paraphilias, 376
Theoretical Perspectives, 383
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: “Cybersex Addiction”—A New Psychological Disorder?, 384
Treatment of Paraphilias, 385
Rape, 387
Types of Rape, 389
Theoretical Perspectives, 390
Questionnaire: Cultural Myths That Create a Climate That Supports Rape, 391
Summing Up, 391
Chapter 12. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, 396
Schizophrenia, 397
Course of Development, 398
Prevalence, 400
Diagnostic Features, 401
Perceptual Disturbances, 405
Subtypes of Schizophrenia, 408
Theoretical Perspectives, 410
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Is Mental Illness a Myth?, 417
Tying it Together: The Diathesis–Stress Model, 420
Treatment Approaches, 422
Other Forms of Psychosis, 426
Brief Psychotic Disorder, 426
Schizophreniform Disorder, 426
Delusional Disorder, 426
A Closer Look: The Love Delusion, 427
Schizoaffective Disorder, 428
Summing Up, 429
Chapter 13. Personality Disorders and Impulse Control Disorders, 434
Types of Personality Disorders, 435
Personality Disorders Characterized by Odd or Eccentric Behavior, 437
Personality Disorders Characterized by Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior, 440
A Closer Look: “In Cold Blood:” Peering into the Minds of Psychopathic Murderers, 443
Personality Disorders Characterized by Anxious or Fearful Behavior, 449
Problems with the Classification of Personality Disorders, 452
Theoretical Perspectives, 454
Psychodynamic Perspectives, 454
Learning Perspectives, 456
Family Perspectives, 458
Biological Perspectives, 459
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Bad Genes, Bad Behavior?, 460
Sociocultural Perspectives, 461
Questionnaire: The Sensation-Seeking Scale, 462
Tying it Together, 463
Treatment of Personality Disorders, 463
Psychodynamic Approaches, 463
Behavioral Approaches, 464
Biological Approaches, 464
Impulse Control Disorders, 465
Pathological Gambling, 465
Kleptomania, 467
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Losing $10 Million: A Case of Pathological Gambling?, 468
Summing Up, 469
Chapter 14. Abnormal Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence, 474
Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence, 475
Cultural Beliefs About What Is Normal and Abnormal, 476
Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Children and Adolescents, 476
Risk Factors for Childhood Disorders, 477
Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 478
Autism, 480
Mental Retardation, 485
Causes of Mental Retardation, 485
Intervention, 488
Learning Disorders, 489
Types of Learning Disorders, 490
Understanding and Treating Learning Disorders, 490
A Closer Look: The Savant Syndrome, 491
Communication Disorders, 492
Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, 493
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 493
Conduct Disorder, 496
Oppositional Defiant Disorder, 497
Childhood Anxiety and Depression, 499
Separation Anxiety Disorder, 499
Understanding and Treating Childhood Anxiety Disorders, 501
Childhood Depression, 502
Understanding and Treating Childhood Depression, 502
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: Are We Overmedicating Our Kids?, 504
Suicide in Children and Adolescents, 505
Elimination Disorders, 506
Enuresis, 507
Encopresis, 508
Summing Up, 509
Chapter 15. Cognitive Disorders and Disorders Related to Aging, 514
Cognitive Disorders, 515
Dementia, 517
Delirium, 518
Amnestic Disorders, 520
Psychological Disorders Related to Aging, 522
Anxiety Disorders and Aging, 523
Depression and Aging, 523
Sleep Problems and Aging, 525
Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type, 525
Vascular Dementia, 531
Questionnaire: Examining Your Attitudes Toward Aging, 532
Dementias Due to General Medical Conditions, 532
Dementia Due to Pick’s Disease, 532
Dementia Due to Parkinson’s Disease, 532
Dementia Due to Huntington’s Disease, 534
Dementia Due to HIV Disease, 534
Dementia Due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, 535
Dementia Due to Head Trauma, 535
Neurosyphilis, 535
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: The Danger Lurking Within: Would You Want to Know?, 536
Summing Up, 537
Chapter 16. Abnormal Psychology and the Law, 542
Psychiatric Commitment and Patients’ Rights, 544
Predicting Dangerousness, 545
Controversies in Abnormal Psychology: What Should We Do About the “Wild Man of West 96th Street”?, 547
Patients’ Rights, 550
A Closer Look: The Duty to Warn, 552
The Insanity Defense, 555
Legal Bases of the Insanity Defense, 556
Determining the Length of Criminal Commitment, 557
Perspectives on the Insanity Defense, 558
Competency to Stand Trial, 559
Summing Up, 560
Glossary, 562
References, 568
Photo Credits, 608
Author Index, 609
Subject Index, 622

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