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Why Do You Need this New Edition?, i
Copyright, iv
Preface, xiv
To the Instructor, xv
Acknowledgments, xvi
Chapter 1. Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction, 1
Thinking About Thinking, 3
In Depth: Interpreting Graphs, 6
Memory and Cognition Defined, 8
An Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology, 11
Anticipations of Psychology, 12
Early Psychology, 13
Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism, 17
Dissatisfaction with Behaviorism: The Winds of Change, 19
Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing, 25
The New Direction, 25
The Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology, 27
Chapter 2. The Cognitive Science Approach, 29
Guiding Principles, 30
Themes, 31
Measuring Information Processes, 31
Getting Started, 31
Time and Accuracy Measures, 33
Guiding Analogies, 36
The Information-Processing Approach, 38
The Standard Theory, 38
A Process Model, 39
The Strict Information Processing Approach, 42
Some Difficulties, 42
The Modern Cognitive Approach: Cognitive Science, 45
Updating the Standard Theory, 45
Fixing the Narrowness, 47
Neurocognition: The Brain and Cognition Together, 48
In Depth: Dissociations and Double Dissociations, 49
Basic Neurology, 50
Brain Anatomy, 53
Principles of Functioning, 55
Split-Brain Research and Lateralization, 57
Methods of Investigation, 58
Neural Net Models: Connectionism, 62
Chapter 3. Perception and Pattern Recognition, 65
Visual Perception, 66
Gathering Visual Information, 69
Prove It: Saccadic Eye Movements, 70
Visual Sensory Memory, 72
The Early Parts of a Fixation, 77
A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory, 78
Trans-saccadic Memory, 79
Pattern Recognition, 80
Gestalt Grouping Principles, 80
The Template Approach, 83
Visual Feature Detection, 83
Beyond Features: Conceptually Driven Pattern Recognition, 86
Connectionist Modeling, 90
Object Recognition and Agnosia, 94
Recognition by Components, 95
Agnosia, 97
Implications for Cognitive Science, 100
Auditory Perception, 102
Auditory Sensory Memory, 102
Auditory Pattern Recognition, 108
Prove It: Top-Down Processing, 109
Chapter 4. Attention, 111
Multiple Meanings of Attention, 112
Basics of Attention, 113
Basic Input Attentional Processes, 114
Alertness and Arousal, 115
Orienting Reflex and Attention Capture, 116
Spotlight Attention and Visual Search, 118
Prove It: The Visual Search Task, 121
Contrasting Input and Controlled Attention, 123
Hemineglect: An Attention Deficit, 124
Controlled, Voluntary Attention, 128
Selective Attention and the Cocktail Party Effect, 130
Selection Models, 131
Attention as a Mental Resource, 136
Automatic and Conscious Processing Theories, 137
Prove It: The Stroop Task, 139
A Synthesis for Attention and Automaticity, 142
Disadvantages of Automaticity, 143
Chapter 5. Short-Term Working Memory, 146
Short-Term Memory: A Limited-Capacity Bottleneck, 148
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, 149
Forgetting from Short-Term Memory, 150
Short-Term Memory Retrieval, 154
Serial Position Effects, 154
Prove It: Tests of Short-Term, Working Memory, 156
Short-Term Memory Scanning: The Sternberg Task, 157
Working Memory, 161
The Components of Working Memory, 162
The Central Executive, 165
The Phonological Loop, 165
The Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad, 167
Prove It: Articulatory Suppression, 168
The Episodic Buffer, 171
Assessing Working Memory, 172
Dual Task Method, 172
Working Memory Span, 175
The Impact of Working Memory on Cognition, 178
Working Memory and Attention, 178
Working Memory and Long-Term Memory, 179
Working Memory and Reasoning, 180
Sometimes Small Working Memory Spans Are Better, 181
Overview, 181
Chapter 6. Learning and Remembering, 184
Preliminary Issues, 187
Mnemonic Devices, 187
The Ebbinghaus Tradition of Memory Research, 189
Metamemory, 192
Storing Information in Episodic Memory, 193
Rehearsal, 195
Frequency of Rehearsal, 195
Two Kinds of Rehearsal, 197
Depth of Processing, 197
Challenges to Depth of Processing, 198
Generation and Enactment, 200
Organization in Storage, 201
Good Advice: Improving Your Memory, 202
Imagery, 204
Emotion and Survival Value, 206
Context and Encoding Specificity, 207
Retrieving Episodic Information, 209
Decay, 209
Interference, 210
Retrieval Failure, 213
Retrieval Cues, 215
Prove It: Part Set Cuing, 219
Amnesia and Implicit Memory, 219
Dissociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory, 221
Anterograde Amnesia, 222
Implicit and Explicit Memory, 225
Chapter 7. Knowing, 229
Semantic Memory, 231
The Collins and Quillian (and Loftus) Model, 232
Smith’s Feature Comparison Model, 235
Empirical Tests of Semantic Memory Models, 237
Semantic Relatedness, 238
Prove It: Category Retrieval and Episodic Influences, 242
Priming in Semantic Memory, 246
Nuts and Bolts of Priming Tasks, 246
Empirical Demonstrations of Priming, 249
Priming in Other Tasks, 250
Automatic and Controlled Priming, 251
Priming Is an Implicit Process, 254
Schemata and Scripts, 256
Bartlett’s Research, 257
Schemata, 258
Scripts, 260
Prove It: Schematic Distortion, 260
Evidence of Scripts, 264
Concepts and Categorization, 265
Concept Formation, 266
Theories of Categorization, 266
Connectionism and the Brain, 272
Connectionism, 272
The Brain, 273
Chapter 8. Using Knowledge in the Real World, 278
The Seven Sins of Memory, 280
Facts About the World, 281
The Nature of Propositions, 281
Rules for Deriving Propositions, 283
Are Propositions Real?, 284
Situation Models and Embodied Cognition, 289
Levels of Representation, 289
Remembering Facts, 290
Metamemory, 291
Source Monitoring, 292
Prospective Memory, 293
Knowing What You Know, 294
Prove It: Cryptomnesia, 294
False Memories, Eyewitness Memory, and “Forgotten Memories”, 296
False Memories, 296
Prove It: False Memory, 298
Integration, 299
Leading Questions and Memory Distortions, 302
The Misinformation Effect, 303
Source Misattribution and Misinformation Acceptance, 304
Stronger Memory Distortion Effects, 307
Repressed and Recovered Memories, 308
Autobiographical Memories, 310
The Bahrick Work, 310
Phenomena of Autobiographical Memory, 313
The Irony of Memory, 315
Chapter 9. Language, 320
Linguistic Universals and Functions, 321
Defining Language, 321
Language Universals, 322
Animal Communication, 326
Levels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction, and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, 328
Phonology: The Sounds of Language, 331
Sounds in Isolation, 331
Combining Phonemes into Morphemes, 335
Speech Perception and Context, 336
Embodiment in Speech Perception, 340
A Final Puzzle, 340
Syntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases, 342
Chomsky’s Transformational Grammar, 343
Limitations of Transformational Grammar, 347
The Cognitive Role of Syntax, 348
Lexical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language, 351
Morphemes, 352
The Lexical Representation, 352
Prove It: Speech Errors, 352
Case Grammar, 356
Interaction of Syntax and Semantics, 358
Evidence for the Semantic Grammar Approaches, 360
Brain and Language, 362
Language in the Intact Brain, 362
Aphasia, 364
Generalizing from Cases of Brain Damage, 368
Chapter 10. Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language, 370
Getting Started: An Overview, 371
Conceptual and Rule Knowledge, 371
Comprehension Research, 373
Online Comprehension Tasks, 373
Metacomprehension, 374
Comprehension as Mental Structure Building, 376
Levels of Comprehension, 378
Reading, 379
Gaze Duration, 379
Basic Online Reading Effects, 382
A Model of Reading, 383
Other Influences on Reading, 386
Reference, Situation Models, and Events, 387
Reference, 388
Situation Models, 392
Prove It: Hazy Memory, 393
Events, 399
Conversation and Gesture, 401
The Structure of Conversations, 401
Cognitive Conversational Characteristics, 403
Empirical Effects in Conversation, 407
Prove It: Politeness, 407
Gesture, 410
Chapter 11. Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning, 413
Formal Logic and Reasoning, 414
Syllogisms, 414
Conditional Reasoning: If P Then Q, 417
Prove It: Conditional Reasoning, 422
Hypothesis Testing, 423
Decisions, 424
Decisions About Physical Differences, 424
Decisions About Symbolic Differences, 425
Decisions About Geographical Distances, 431
Decisions and Reasoning under Uncertainty, 433
Algorithms and Heuristics, 433
Heuristics, Biases, and Fallacies, 435
The Representativeness Heuristic, 436
The Availability Heuristic, 440
The Simulation Heuristic, 442
The Undoing Heuristic: Counterfactual Reasoning, 443
Adaptive Thinking and “Fast, Frugal” Heuristics, 447
The Ongoing Debate, 450
Limitations in Reasoning, 454
Limited Domain Knowledge, 454
Prove It: Naive Physics, 458
Limitations in Processing Resources, 459
Appendix: Algorithms for Coin Tosses and Hospital Births, 462
Coin Tosses, 462
Hospital Births, 463
Chapter 12. Problem Solving, 464
The Status of the Problem-Solving Area, 466
Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving, 467
Early Gestalt Research, 467
Difficulties in Problem Solving, 468
Insight and Analogy, 472
Insight, 472
Analogy, 476
Neurocognition in Analogy and Insight, 481
Basics of Problem Solving, 483
Characteristics of Problem Solving, 484
A Vocabulary of Problem Solving, 485
Means–End Analysis: A Fundamental Heuristic, 490
The Basics of Means–End Analysis, 490
The Tower of Hanoi, 491
General Problem Solver, 495
Prove It: Tower of Hanoi, 496
Improving Your Problem Solving, 497
Increase Your Domain Knowledge, 497
Automate Some Components of the Problem-Solving Solution, 497
Follow a Systematic Plan, 498
Draw Inferences, 498
Develop Subgoals, 498
Work Backward, 499
Search for Contradictions, 499
Search for Relations Among Problems, 500
Find a Different Problem Representation, 500
Stay Calm, 501
If All Else Fails, Try Practice, 502
Glossary, 507
References, 523
Credits, 561
Name Index, 565
Subject Index, 572

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