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Why Do You Need This New Edition?, i
Copyright, iv
Preface, xiv
About the Author, xvii
Orientation: Basic Terms and Concepts, 2
1. Orientation: Basic Terms and Concepts, 2
Why Study Race and Ethnic Relations?, 2
Emphasis and Approach of This Book, 6
Basic Terms and Concepts, 7
Race and Ethnicity, 7
Box: The Census Bureau and Race, 10
Majority and Minority Groups, 12
Racism, 15
Summary and Conclusion, 19
Critical Review Questions, 19
Key Terms, 19
Part I. Social Psychology and Social Structure as Ways of Understanding Majority-Minority Relations, 20
2. Prejudice: Its Forms and Causes, 20
What Is Prejudice?, 20
Forms of Prejudice, 21
Stereotypes, 21
Causes of Prejudice, 23
Theories About Personality and Prejudice, 23
Is Prejudice Generalized?, 23
The Authoritarian Personality, 25
Explaining Prejudice: Scapegoating and Projection, 26
The Development of Prejudiced Personalities, 27
Evaluation of the Personality Theory of Prejudice, 28
Social Learning and Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Prejudice, 30
Box: Whites in the Movies, 32
Personality Theory Versus Social Learning Theory, 35
Socioeconomic Status and Prejudice, 36
Effects of Education, 36
Economic Insecurity and Prejudice, 39
Summary and Conclusion, 40
Critical Review Questions, 41
Key Terms, 41
3. Reducing Prejudice: How Achievable? How Important?, 42
Reducing Prejudice: Some Principles and Approaches, 43
Persuasive Communications, 44
Education, 47
Intergroup Contact, 50
Simulation and Experiential Exercises, 56
Therapy, 57
Overview, 59
How Important Is Prejudice?, 60
Merton’s Typology on Prejudice and Discrimination, 61
Can Behavior Determine Attitudes?, 62
Prejudice and Discrimination in America Today, 63
Symbolic Racism, 70
Do Attitudes Cause Intergroup Inequality?, 71
Summary and Conclusion, 76
Critical Review Questions, 76
Key Terms, 77
4. Macro-Sociological Perspectives: The Order and Conflict Models, 78
Sociological Versus Social-Psychological Approaches to Majority-Minority Relations, 78
Factors Shaping Patterns of Majority-Minority Relations: The Sociological View, 80
Perspectives in Sociology, 80
Order and Conflict: Two Sociological Perspectives, 81
The Order (Functionalist) Perspective, 81
The Conflict Perspective, 82
A Comparison, 84
The Social-Structural Perspectives and Social Problems, 85
The Definition of Social Problems, 85
The Location of Social Problems, 86
The Social-Structural Perspectives and Majority-Minority Relations, 87
Functionalist Theories About Majority-Minority Relations, 87
Box: Ethnocentrism and War, 89
Conflict Theories About Majority-Minority Relations, 90
Varieties of Conflict Theory in Race and Ethnic Relations, 92
Competing Perspectives: Is Synthesis Possible?, 94
An Illustration of the Debate: Culture of Poverty Theory and African American Families, 95
Culture of Poverty Theory, 95
Family Structure, Poverty, and African American Families, 96
Is the Black Family Responsible for Disproportionate Black Poverty?, 98
Box: The Culture of Poverty Debate and Welfare Policy, 100
Teenage Pregnancy, 104
Overview, 106
Summary and Conclusion, 106
Critical Review Questions, 106
Key Terms, 107
Part II. The Historical Roots of Today’s Intergroup Inequality and Majority-Minority Relations, 108
5. Origins and Causes of Ethnic Inequality, 108
Patterns of Race and Ethnic Relations, 109
Caste Versus Class Systems of Stratification, 109
Three Common Patterns of Race Relations, 110
The Development of Ethnic Stratification, 114
Initial Contact Between Racial and Ethnic Groups, 115
Origins of Ethnic Inequality, 115
Origins of Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States, 116
African Americans, 116
Box: The Alabama Slave Code, 1833, 121
Life Under Slavery, 121
Box: The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Antebellum South, 122
Native Americans, 127
The Indian Reservation and the Slave Plantation: A Comparison, 131
Mexican Americans, 132
Origins of Ethnic Stratification, 133
Box: Race and Cheap Labor in Texas Cotton, 137
Summary and Conclusion, 138
Critical Review Questions, 139
Key Terms, 139
6. Changing Patterns of Majority-Minority Relations in the United States, 140
Origins of Contact and Modern-Day Race Relations: A Theory of Internal Colonialism, 141
Evolving Patterns of Black-White Race Relations, 144
Caste Relations Become Unstable: The Development of Rigid Competitive Race Relations, 1860–1945, 144
Box: The Ethics of Living Jim Crow, 150
Rigid Competitive Race Relations and Other Racial and Ethnic Groups, 156
Asian Americans, 156
Mexican Americans, 157
Overview, 158
A Shift to Fluid Competitive Race Relations: America Since World War II, 159
Changes in the Law: The Banning of Discrimination, 160
Changes in Economics: The Development of Substantial Middle Classes Among Minority Groups, 161
Changes in Attitudes: Changes in the Kind and Degree of Prejudice Among Whites, 162
Factors Causing the Changes: The Effects of Urbanization and Industrialization, 163
Need for Greater Mobility and the Economic Irrationality of Discrimination, 163
Generally Rising Educational Levels, 164
Postwar Economic Growth and Relaxation of Intergroup Competition, 164
Increased Assertiveness by Minorities, 165
Summary and Conclusion, 165
Critical Review Questions, 165
Key Terms, 165
7. Minority Group Movements and Their Impact on Society, 166
Adaptive Responses, 167
Acceptance, 167
Displaced Aggression, 167
Avoidance, 168
Seeking Assimilation, 168
Change-Oriented Responses, 169
A Shift Toward Change-Oriented Responses, 170
The Rising Tide of Protest, 171
Necessary Conditions for Social Movements, 174
Collective Dissatisfaction (Relative Deprivation), 174
Communication Network, 174
Resources, 175
Sense of Efficacy, 175
Leadership, 175
Development of These Conditions and the Formation of Minority Social Movements in the United States After World War II, 175
Urbanization and Industrialization, 176
Economic Expansion, 177
Mass Communications, 177
Rising Educational Levels, 178
International Changes, 178
Summary and Conclusion, 179
Critical Review Questions, 179
Key Term, 179
8. Changing Values, Goals, and Models: New Thinking on Assimilation, Pluralism, and Separatism, 180
Changing Goals for Minority Group Movements, 180
Three Ideal Models of Intergroup Relations, 181
Model 1: Assimilation, 181
Model 2: Pluralism, 183
Model 3: Separatism, 186
Assimilation, Pluralism, and Separatism in American Society, 189
Assimilation and Anglo Conformity, 189
Critique: Have Social Scientists Exaggerated the Degree of Assimilation in American Society?, 191
Changing Attitudes Toward Assimilation and Pluralism, 192
African Americans, 192
Box: Inter-Racial Relationships in the New Century, 193
Pluralism and Militancy Among Chicanos, Latinos, and American Indians, 202
Discrimination and Rising Group Consciousness: Arab Americans, 208
The “Ethnic Revival” Among White Americans, 209
Summary and Conclusion, 210
Critical Review Questions, 211
Key Terms, 211
9. Cross-Cultural Studies of Majority-Minority Relations, 212
Cross-Cultural Evidence on the Effects of Colonization, 213
South Africa, 213
Northern Ireland, 214
Quebec, Canada, 216
Iraq, 217
The Former Soviet Union, 218
The Former Yugoslavia, 222
The Middle East, 224
Some Comparisons and Contrasts, 226
Great Britain and France: Another Effect of Colonialism, 227
Societies with Peaceful Intergroup Relations, 228
Cross-Cultural Evidence on the Effects of Urbanization and Modernization, 229
Industrialized Countries, 229
Increasing Fluidity? Or Rigidity with Conflict?, 231
Developing Countries: Two Major Trends, 234
Combined Effects of Colonialism and Degree of Modernization, 236
Number of Racial and Ethnic Groups, 236
Cultural and Demographic Characteristics of Majority and Minority Groups: Brazil and Mexico, 238
Overlapping Versus Crosscutting Cleavages, 240
Territorial Ethnic Base, 242
Language, 242
International Relationships, 243
Surges of Immigration, 244
Racial Versus Ethnic Divisions, 245
International Pressure, 246
Summary and Conclusion, 246
Critical Review Questions, 247
Key Terms, 247
Part III. Majority-Minority Relations in America Today: The Role of Institutional Discrimination, 248
10. The Status of Majority and Minority Groups in the United States Today, 248
Major Racial and Ethnic Groups: Overview and General Statistics, 248
Minority Groups: African Americans, Latinos/as, and Native Americans, 248
Groups with Intermediate Status: Asian, Jewish, and White Ethnic Americans, 255
Whites from Western and Northern Europe: A Dominant Group Within a Dominant Group, 258
Whiteness as a Racial Identity, 260
Status of Minority Groups in America Today, 261
Evidence of Improvement in Minority Status, 261
Evidence of Continuing Inequality, 263
The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class Inequality, 273
The Meaning of Gender for Women of Color, 273
Black Men in American Society, 276
Summary and Conclusion, 279
Critical Review Questions, 279
Key Term, 279
11. The Economic and Health Care Systems and Minority Groups in America, 280
Wealth and Race: Asset Ownership in America Today, 281
Corporate Asset Ownership and Power, 283
The Economics of Discrimination: Three Theories, 283
Gary Becker’s Theory, 284
Split Labor Market Theory, 285
Marxist Theory, 286
Evaluating Theories About the Economics of Discrimination, 287
Discrimination and Economic Productivity, 289
Recent Trends and Their Effects on Economic Inequality, 290
Rising Educational Demands and the Employment of Minorities, 290
The Fiscal Troubles of Cities and Their Impact on Minorities, 292
Health Care and Minorities, 294
Cost of Health Care and Health Insurance Coverage, 296
Frequency of Seeking Medical Care, 297
Availability of Health Care Personnel, 299
Lack of Minority Physicians, 300
Places and Types of Care: Race and Class Differences, 302
Non-Economic Biases Against Minorities, 304
The Medicaid Program, 305
The American Health Care Institution: A Conclusion, 307
Summary and Conclusion, 309
Critical Review Questions, 309
Key Terms, 309
12. Living Apart: Housing Segregation in America, 310
Housing Discrimination and Segregation, 311
Housing Segregation—What It Is and How We Measure It, 311
Housing Segregation Between Blacks and Whites, 311
Causes of Continuing Black-White Segregation, 314
Economic Explanations of Housing Segregation, 314
Black Preferences, 316
White Preferences, 317
Practices in the Real-Estate Business, 319
Housing Segregation Among Latinos/as, Asian Americans, and Native Americans, 323
Discrimination in Home Finance and Insurance, 325
Lending Discrimination, 326
Insurance Discrimination, 328
Impacts of Segregation, 329
Job Decentralization and Housing Segregation, 330
Box: Supporting Integrative Moves: One State’s Initiative, 336
Race, Segregation, and Hurricane Katrina, 337
Summary and Conclusion, 342
Critical Review Questions, 343
Key Terms, 343
13. The American Political and Legal System and Majority-Minority Relations, 344
Government in America: Agent of Minority Oppression or Protector of Minority Rights?, 346
Historical Patterns: Government Policies of Discrimination, 346
Contemporary Patterns: Government and Majority-Minority Relations Today, 352
Barriers to Greater Minority Political Power, 360
Voting and Political Representation, 361
The American Legal System and Majority-Minority Relations, 366
The Criminal Justice System and the Minority Accused, 366
Conclusion, 382
Protecting Minority Rights, 382
Summary and Conclusion, 387
Critical Review Questions, 388
Key Terms, 389
14. Education and American Minority Groups, 390
A Brief History of School Segregation Since 1954, 391
The Role of Education: Two Views, 395
Funding of Schools, 398
Cultural and Behavioral Factors in the Education of Minorities, 401
Cultural Deprivation?, 402
Cultural Bias?, 403
Biased or Limited Coverage of Minority Groups in School Materials, 403
Teachers’ Expectations and Tracking, 406
Linguistic Issues and the Bilingual Education Debate, 412
Test Bias and The Standardized Testing Debate, 418
Box: The Bell Curve: A Debate on Education, Intelligence, Genetics, and Achievement, 419
Testing Bias: Summary, 424
Lack of Minority Role Models, 425
Racial Bias in the Educational System: An Evaluation, 426
Resolving Problems of Majority-Minority Inequality in Education: Four Approaches, 427
Approach 1: The Problem Does Not Lie in the Educational System, 427
Approach 2: Assimilation—Compensatory Education and Desegregation Through Busing, 427
Approach 3: Multiculturalism and Cultural Immersion, 434
Approach 4: The Interactionist Approach, 436
Summary and Conclusion, 439
Critical Review Questions, 439
Key Terms, 439
Part IV. Values, Goals, and Issues of the Present and Future in Majority-Minority Relations, 440
15. Current Trends in Majority-Minority Relations, 440
Diversity and Multiculturalism in Work and Education, 441
Diversity Management in the Workplace, 442
Characteristics of Effective Diversity Management Programs, 444
Box: Allstate Insurance, Diversity, and Business Success, 445
Diversity Management and Multiculturalism, 448
Hate Group Activity and Hate Crime, 449
Causes of Hate Group Activity, 452
Combating Hatred on Campus: Debates and Issues, 456
The Discrimination-Testing Movement, 460
Summary and Conclusion, 465
Critical Review Questions, 465
Key Terms, 465
16. Current Debates: Affirmative Action, Immigration, and Race Versus Class, 466
Affirmative Action, 467
Undoing Discrimination?, 468
Reverse Discrimination?, 469
An Alternative View on Quotas, 470
Considering the Net Outcome, 470
How Accurately Do We Measure Qualifications?, 470
Does Affirmative Action Stigmatize Minority Group Members?, 472
Affirmative Action and Majority Group Resentment, 474
Affirmative Action and Minority Professionals, 476
Practical Consequences of Affirmative Action: Empirical Evidence, 477
Legal Aspects of the Affirmative Action Controversy, 480
Alternatives to Affirmative Action: Are There Other Routes to Equal Opportunity?, 486
The Relative Importance of Race and Class in American Society, 489
Immigration Policy, 494
History of Immigration in the United States, 494
Opposition to Immigration: Perceptions and Realities About Immigration, 495
Unauthorized Immigration, the 1986, 1990, and 1996 Immigration Reform Laws, and Continuing Debates About Immigration Policy, 497
Immigration Realities and Immigration Policy, 502
Summary and Conclusion, 504
Critical Review Questions, 505
Key Terms, 505
Glossary, 506
References, 511
Photo Credits, 565
Name Index, 566
Subject Index, 576

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