Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Hide Contents, Notes, and Highlights

Search TermsShow Hide

« Back to eTextbook

Copyright, iv
Preface, xv
Epigram, xvii
Chapter 1. The Single Case in Basic and Applied Research: An Historical Perspective, 1
1.1. Introduction, 1
1.2. Beginnings in Experimental Physiology and Psychology, 2
1.3. Origins of the Group Comparison Approach, 4
The influence of inferential statistics, 6
1.4. Development of Applied Research: The Case Study Method, 8
Early reports of percentage of success in treated groups, 10
The development of the group comparison approach in applied research, 11
1.5. Limitations of Early Group Comparison Approaches, 13
Ethical objections and practical problems, 13
Averaging of results, 14
Generality of findings, 14
Intersubject variability, 15
1.6. Early Alternative Approaches to Applied Research, 15
Naturalistic studies, 16
Process research, 18
1.7. The Scientist-Practitioner Split, 19
1.8. A Return to the Individual, 20
The role of the case study, 22
The representative case, 22
Shapiro’s methodology in the clinic, 23
Quasi-experimental designs, 24
Chassan and intensive designs, 25
1.9. The Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 26
Chapter 2. General Issues in a Single-Case Approach, 31
2.1. Introduction, 31
2.2. Variability, 32
Variability in basic research, 32
Variability in applied research, 33
Clinical vs. statistical significance, 34
Highlighting variability in the individual, 35
Repeated measures, 35
Rapidly changing designs, 36
2.3. Experimental Analysis of Sources of Variability through Improvised Designs, 37
Subject fails to improve, 37
Subject improves “spontaneously”, 38
Subject displays cyclical variability, 40
Searching for “hidden” sources of variability, 41
2.4. Behavior Trends and Intrasubject Averaging, 42
2.5. Relation of Variability to Generality of Findings, 45
2.6. Generality of Findings, 46
Types of generality, 46
Problems in generalizing from a single-case, 47
2.7. Some Limitations of Group Designs in Establishing Generality of Findings, 48
Random sampling and inference in applied research, 48
Problems in generalizing from the group to the individual, 49
Improving generality of findings to the individual through homogeneous groups: logical generalization, 51
2.8. Homogeneous Groups Versus Replication of a Single-Case Experiment, 52
Direct replication and treatment/no-treatment control group design, 52
Systematic and clinical replication and factorial designs, 55
2.9. Blurring the Distinction between Design Options, 57
Chapter 3. General Procedures in Single-Case Research, 61
3.1. Introduction, 61
3.2. Repeated Measurement, 62
Practical implications and limitations, 62
3.3. Choosing a Baseline, 65
Baseline stability, 65
Examples of baselines, 67
3.4. Changing one Variable at a Time, 73
Correct and incorrect applications, 73
Exceptions to the rule, 74
Issues in drug evaluation, 80
3.5. Reversal and Withdrawal, 81
The reversal design, 82
Reversal and withdrawal designs compared, 83
Withdrawal of treatment, 83
Limitations and problems, 87
3.6. Length of Phases, 88
Individual and relative length, 88
Carryover effects, 91
Cyclic variation, 93
3.7. Evaluation of Irreversible Procedures, 94
Exceptions, 95
3.8. Assessing Response Maintenance, 97
Chapter 4. Behavior Assessment, 99
4.1. Selection of Behavior to Assess, 102
Social significance, 102
Clinical significance, 104
Organizational significance, 104
Personal significance, 104
4.2. Measurement of Behavior, 105
Primary measures: behavioral dimensions of proximal, directly observed behavior, 105
Temporality dimensions, 106
Repeatability dimensions, 107
Products of behavior, 110
Behavior rating scales, 111
Self-reports, 113
Physiological measures, 115
4.3. Settings for Assessment, 120
Contrived versus naturalistic settings and observations, 120
A continuum of contrivance, 121
Defining the behaviors to be observed, 124
Selecting observers, 125
Technically enhanced observation, 127
Training observers, 128
Reliability and validity, 129
4.4. The Assessment of Function, 131
4.5. Summary and Conclusions, 134
Chapter 5. Basic A-B-A Withdrawal Designs, 135
5.1. Introduction, 135
Limitations of the case study approach, 135
5.2. A-B Design, 136
A-B with follow-up, 138
A-B with multiple target measures and follow-up, 140
A-B with follow-up and booster treatment, 142
5.3. A-B-A Design, 145
A-B-A from the adult literature, 146
A-B-A from child literature, 147
5.4. A-B-A-B Design, 149
A-B-A-B from child literature, 149
A-B-A-B when phase change is not under complete experimental control, 151
A-B-A-B with unexpected improvement in baseline, 153
A-B-A-B with monitoring of concurrent behaviors, 155
A-B-A-B with no feedback to experimenter, 156
5.5. B-A-B Design, 158
B-A-B with group data, 159
B-A-B from rogerian framework, 161
5.6. A-B-C-B Design, 162
A-B-C-B from the child literature, 163
A-B-C-B in a group application and follow-up, 163
Chapter 6. Extensions of the A-B-A Design, Uses in Drug Evaluation and Interaction Design Strategies, 167
6.1. Extensions and Variations of the A-B-A Withdrawal Design, 167
6.2. A-B-A-B-A-B Design, 168
6.3. Comparing Separate Treatment Variables/Components, 169
A-B-A-C-A-C'-A design, 169
6.4. Parametric Variations of the Same Treatment Variable/Component, 172
A-B-A-B-B_1-B_2-B_3-B_N design, 172
A-B- B_1-B_2-A-B_1 design, 173
6.5. Drug Evaluations, 175
Issues specific to drug evaluations, 176
Design options, 178
6.6. Strategies for Studying Interaction Effects, 185
6.7. Changing Criterion Designs, 198
Chapter 7. Multiple Baseline Designs, 201
7.1. Introduction, 201
7.2. Multiple Baseline Designs, 202
Types of multiple baseline designs, 204
Multiple baseline design across behaviors, 205
Multiple baseline design across subjects, 218
Multiple baseline across settings, 228
7.3. Variations of Multiple Baseline Designs, 234
Nonconcurrent multiple baseline design, 234
Multiple-probe technique, 235
7.4. Issues in Drug Evaluations, 239
Chapter 8. Alternating Treatments Design, 243
8.1. Introduction, 243
History and terminology, 245
8.2. Procedural Considerations, 246
Multiple-treatment interference, 247
Counterbalancing relevant experimental factors, 252
Number and sequencing of alternations, 253
8.3. Examples of Alternating Treatments Designs, 254
Comparing treatment and no treatment conditions, 254
Comparing multiple treatments, 258
8.4. Advantages of the Alternating Treatments Design, 266
8.5. Visual Analysis of the Alternating Treatments Designs, 267
8.6. Simultaneous Treatment Design, 268
Chapter 9. Statistical Analyses for Single-Case Experimental Designs, 271
9.1. Introduction and Overview, 271
9.2. Single-Subject Experiments and Time-Series Data, 273
The nature of time-series data, 273
Mathematical and graphical description of a time series, 274
The problem of autocorrelation, 275
Autocorrelation and human behavior, 278
General comments, 279
9.3. Specific Statistical Tests, 279
Conventional t and F tests, 279
Randomization tests, 281
Interrupted time-series analysis (ITSA), 287
Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Models, 288
Model building process, 291
Intervention (impact) analysis, 294
ITSA modeling strategies, 296
Box-Jenkins-Tiao strategy (Box & Tiao, 1965), 296
Full series modeling strategy, 296
Interrupted time-series experiment (ITSE), 297
Example, 298
Intervention analysis, 299
Other statistical tests, 301
Revusky’s R_n (test of ranks), 302
Split-middle technique, 302
Double bootstrap method, 303
Evaluation of statistical tests: which test to choose?, 303
9.4. Summary and Conclusion, 304
Chapter 10. Beyond the Individual: Direct, Systematic, and Clinical Replication Procedures, 307
10.1. Introduction, 307
10.2. Direct Replication, 308
Definition of direct replication, 308
Example one: two successful replications, 309
Example two: four successful replications with design alterations during replications, 312
Example three: mixed results in a multiple baseline design, 316
Example four: simultaneous replication in a group, 319
Guidelines for direct replication, 321
10.3. Systematic Replication, 322
Definition of systematic replication, 322
Example: differential attention in children, 323
Comment on replication, 333
Guidelines for systematic replication, 333
10.4. Clinical Replication, 336
Definition of clinical replication, 337
Example: clinical replication with autistic children, 337
10.5. Benchmarking, 339
10.6. Practice Research Networks, 340
10.7. Advantages of Replication of Single-Case Experiments, 341
Hiawatha Designs an Experiment, 343
References, 347
Subject Index, 375
Name Index, 383

Search Results

« Back to eTextbook


PAGE	Description

42	...

Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Table of Contents

Search Results