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Copyright, ii
Preface to the Student, iii
Preface to the Instructor, iv
Study Tools to Stimulate Learning, v
Pedagogically Driven Art, vi
Features to Capture Student Interest, vii
Emphasis on Clinical Applications and Critical Thinking, viii
Chapter-By-Chapter Changes, ix
Media Supplements, x
Additional Supplements, xii
Acknowledgments, xiii
1. The Human Body: An Orientation, 1
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology, 2
Anatomy, 2
Physiology, 2
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology, 2
Levels of Structural Organization, 3
From Atoms to Organisms, 3
Organ System Overview, 4
Integumentary System, 4
Skeletal System, 4
Muscular System, 4
Nervous System, 4
Endocrine System, 7
Cardiovascular System, 7
Lymphatic System, 7
Respiratory System, 7
Digestive System, 7
Urinary System, 7
Reproductive System, 7
A Closer Look: Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body, 8
Maintaining Life, 10
Necessary Life Functions, 10
Maintaining Boundaries, 10
Movement, 10
Responsiveness, 11
Digestion, 11
Metabolism, 11
Excretion, 11
Reproduction, 11
Growth, 11
Survival Needs, 11
Homeostasis, 12
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms, 12
Focus on Careers: Dental Hygienist, 14
Homeostatic Imbalance, 15
The Language of Anatomy, 15
Anatomical Position, 15
Directional Terms, 15
Regional Terms, 16
Anterior Body Landmarks, 16
Posterior Body Landmarks, 17
Body Planes and Sections, 17
Body Cavities, 17
Dorsal Body Cavity, 20
Ventral Body Cavity, 20
Summary, 22
Review Questions, 23
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 25
2. Basic Chemistry, 26
Concepts of Matter and Energy, 27
Matter, 27
Energy, 27
Forms of Energy, 28
Energy Form Conversions, 28
Composition of Matter, 29
Elements and Atoms, 29
Atomic Structure, 29
Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom, 29
Identifying Elements, 31
Atomic Number, 32
Atomic Mass, 32
Atomic Weight and Isotopes, 33
Molecules and Compounds, 34
Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions, 35
Bond Formation, 35
Role of Electrons, 35
Types of Chemical Bonds, 35
Patterns of Chemical Reactions, 40
Synthesis Reactions, 40
Decomposition Reactions, 40
Exchange Reactions, 40
Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions, 41
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter, 41
Inorganic Compounds, 42
Water, 42
Salts, 42
Acids and Bases, 43
Organic Compounds, 45
Carbohydrates, 45
Lipids, 46
Proteins, 49
Focus on Careers: Food Technologist, 53
Nucleic Acids, 54
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), 55
A Closer Look: DNA Fingerprinting: Cracking Our Genetic “Barcode”, 57
Summary, 58
Review Questions, 61
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 63
3. Cells and Tissues, 64
Part I: Cells, 65
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life, 65
Anatomy of a Generalized Cell, 66
The Nucleus, 67
Nuclear Envelope, 67
Nucleoli, 67
Chromatin, 67
The Plasma Membrane, 67
Specializations of the Plasma Membrane, 68
The Cytoplasm, 69
Cytoplasmic Organelles, 70
Cell Diversity, 74
Cell Physiology, 76
Membrane Transport, 76
Passive Transport Processes: Diffusion and Filtration, 76
Active Transport Processes, 78
A Closer Look: IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics”, 80
Cell Division, 83
Preparations: DNA Replication, 83
Events of Cell Division, 83
Protein Synthesis, 86
Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure, 86
The Role of RNA, 86
Transcription, 86
Translation, 86
Part II: Body Tissues, 88
Epithelial Tissue, 88
Special Characteristics of Epithelium, 89
Classification of Epithelium, 89
Simple Epithelia, 90
Stratified Epithelia, 90
Glandular Epithelium, 93
Connective Tissue, 93
Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue, 93
Extracellular Matrix, 93
Types of Connective Tissue, 94
Bone, 94
Cartilage, 94
Dense Connective Tissue, 97
Loose Connective Tissue, 97
Blood, 98
Muscle Tissue, 98
Types of Muscle Tissue, 98
Skeletal Muscle, 98
Cardiac Muscle, 98
Smooth Muscle, 98
Nervous Tissue, 98
Tissue Repair (Wound Healing), 100
Part III: Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues, 101
A Closer Look: Cancer—The Intimate Enemy, 102
Summary, 104
Review Questions, 106
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 108
4. Skin and Body Membranes, 109
Classification of Body Membranes, 110
Epithelial Membranes, 110
Cutaneous Membrane, 110
Mucous Membranes, 110
Serous Membranes, 112
Connective Tissues Membranes, 112
A Closer Look: Tattoos, 113
Integumentary System (Skin), 114
Functions of the Integumentary System, 114
Structure of the Skin, 115
Epidermis, 115
Dermis, 117
Skin Color, 118
Appendages of the Skin, 119
Cutaneous Glands, 119
Hair and Hair Follicles, 121
Nails, 122
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin, 123
Infections and Allergies, 123
Burns, 123
Skin Cancer, 125
Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes, 127
Focus on Careers: Medical Transcriptionist, 128
Systems in Sync, 129
Summary, 130
Review Questions, 131
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 132
5. The Skeletal System, 133
Bones: An Overview, 134
Functions of the Bones, 134
Classification of Bones, 135
Structure of a Long Bone, 135
Gross Anatomy, 135
Microscopic Anatomy, 137
Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling, 140
Bone Fractures, 142
Axial Skeleton, 145
Skull, 145
Cranium, 145
Facial Bones, 148
The Hyoid Bone, 149
Fetal Skull, 149
Vertebral Column (Spine), 150
A Closer Look: Protect Your Back—It’s the Only One You’ve Got!, 152
Cervical Vertebrae, 155
Thoracic Vertebrae, 155
Lumbar Vertebrae, 155
Sacrum, 155
Coccyx, 157
Thoracic Cage, 157
Sternum, 157
Ribs, 157
Appendicular Skeleton, 158
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle, 158
Bones of the Upper Limbs, 160
Arm, 160
Forearm, 160
Hand, 161
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle, 162
Bones of the Lower Limbs, 164
Thigh, 164
Leg, 164
Foot, 165
Joints, 166
A Closer Look: Them Bones, Them Bones Goin’ to Walk Around—Clinical Advances in Bone Repair, 167
Fibrous Joints, 168
Cartilaginous Joints, 168
Synovial Joints, 168
Type of Synovial Joints Based on Shape, 170
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton, 174
Systems in Sync, 177
Summary, 178
Review Questions, 179
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 181
6. The Muscular System, 182
Overview of Muscle Tissues, 183
Muscle Types, 183
Skeletal Muscle, 183
Smooth Muscle, 185
Cardiac Muscle, 186
Muscle Functions, 187
Producing Movement, 187
Maintaining Posture, 187
Stabilizing Joints, 187
Generating Heat, 187
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle, 187
Skeletal Muscle Activity, 189
Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells, 189
The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential, 189
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory, 192
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole, 194
Graded Responses, 194
Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction, 195
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit, 195
Types of Muscle Contractions—Isotonic and Isometric, 197
Muscle Tone, 197
Effect of Exercise on Muscles, 197
Muscle Movements, Types, and Names, 198
Types of Body Movements, 198
Special Movements, 199
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body, 202
Naming Skeletal Muscles, 202
A Closer Look: Are Athletes Looking Good and Doing Better with Anabolic Steroids?, 203
Arrangement of Fasicles, 204
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles, 206
Head and Neck Muscles, 206
Facial Muscles, 207
Chewing Muscles, 207
Neck Muscles, 207
Trunk Muscles, 207
Anterior Muscles, 208
Posterior Muscles, 209
Muscles of the Upper Limb, 210
Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm, 211
Muscles of the Lower Limb, 211
Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint, 211
Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint, 214
Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot, 214
Focus on Careers: Massage Therapist, 220
Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System, 221
Systems in Sync, 222
Summary, 223
Review Questions, 224
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 226
7. The Nervous System, 227
Organization of the Nervous System, 229
Structural Classification, 229
Functional Classification, 229
Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function, 230
Supporting Cells, 230
Neurons, 232
Anatomy, 232
Classification, 235
Physiology, 237
Central Nervous System, 242
Functional Anatomy of the Brain, 242
Cerebral Hemispheres, 242
Diencephalon, 246
Brain-Stem, 247
Cerebellum, 248
Protection of the Central Nervous System, 248
Meninges, 249
Cerebrospinal Fluid, 251
The Blood-Brain Barrier, 252
Brain Dysfunctions, 252
Traumatic Brain Injuries, 252
A Closer Look: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s—The Terrible Three, 253
Spinal Cord, 255
Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots, 256
White Matter of the Spinal Cord, 256
Peripheral Nervous System, 258
Structure of a Nerve, 258
Cranial Nerves, 258
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses, 262
Autonomic Nervous System, 262
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared, 262
Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division, 266
Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division, 267
Autonomic Functioning, 268
A Closer Look: Tracking Down CNS Problems, 271
Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System, 272
Systems in Sync, 274
Summary, 275
Review Questions, 277
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 279
8. Special Senses, 280
Part I: The Eye and Vision, 281
Anatomy of the Eye, 281
External and Accessory Structures, 281
Internal Structures: The Eyeball, 283
Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball, 283
A Closer Look: Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors, 287
Lens, 288
Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction, 290
Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain, 290
Eye Reflexes, 291
A Closer Look: If I Can’t See Things Far Away, Am I Nearsighted or Farsighted?, 292
Part II: The Ear: Hearing and Balance, 294
Anatomy of the Ear, 294
External (Outer) Ear, 294
Middle Ear, 294
Internal (Inner) Ear, 295
Mechanisms of Equilibrium, 296
Static Equilibrium, 296
Dynamic Equilibrium, 297
Mechanism of Hearing, 298
Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits, 300
Part III: Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell, 301
Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell, 301
Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste, 302
Part IV: Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses, 303
Summary, 305
Review Questions, 307
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 308
9. The Endocrine System, 309
The Endocrine System and Hormone Function—An Overview, 310
The Chemistry of Hormones, 310
Mechanisms of Hormone Action, 311
Direct Gene Activation, 311
Second-Messenger System, 311
Control of Hormone Release, 311
Endocrine Gland Stimuli, 311
The Major Endocrine Organs, 313
Pituitary Gland, 314
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary, 314
Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship, 316
A Closer Look: Potential Uses for Growth Hormone, 317
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary, 318
Thyroid Gland, 319
Parathyroid Glands, 321
Adrenal Glands, 322
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex, 322
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla, 324
Pancreatic Islets, 326
Pineal Gland, 329
Thymus Gland, 329
Gonads, 329
Hormones of the Ovaries, 329
Hormones of the Testes, 329
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs, 332
Placenta, 332
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System, 332
Systems in Sync, 334
Summary, 335
Review Questions, 337
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 338
10. Blood, 339
Composition and Functions of Blood, 340
Components, 340
Physical Characteristics and Volume, 340
Plasma, 340
Formed Elements, 342
Erythrocytes, 342
Leukocytes, 344
Platelets, 347
Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation), 347
Formation of Red Blood Cells, 347
Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets, 348
Hemostasis, 349
Disorders of Hemostasis, 350
Blood Groups and Transfusions, 351
Human Blood Groups, 351
Focus on Careers: Phlebotomy Technician, 352
Blood Typing, 354
Developmental Aspects of Blood, 354
A Closer Look: Concocting Blood: Artificial Blood Substitutes, 355
Summary, 357
Review Questions, 358
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 359
11. The Cardiovascular System, 360
The Heart, 362
Anatomy of the Heart, 362
Location and Size, 362
Coverings and Wall, 362
Chambers and Associated Great Vessels, 365
Valves, 366
Cardiac Circulation, 367
Physiology of the Heart, 368
Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm, 368
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds, 369
A Closer Look: Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart, 370
Cardiac Output, 372
Blood Vessels, 374
Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels, 374
Tunics, 374
Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries, 376
Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels, 378
Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation, 378
Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation, 380
Focus on Careers: Certified Surgical Technologist (CST), 382
Special Circulations, 383
Physiology of Circulation, 387
Arterial Pulse, 387
Blood Pressure, 387
A Closer Look: Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno, 392
Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients, 394
Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds, 394
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System, 395
Systems in Sync, 396
Summary, 397
Review Questions, 399
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 401
12. The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses, 402
Part I: The Lymphatic System, 403
Lymphatic Vessels, 403
Lymph Nodes, 405
Other Lymphoid Organs, 407
Part II: Body Defenses, 408
Innate Body Defenses, 409
Surface Membrane Barriers, 409
Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals, 409
Phagocytes, 409
Natural Killer Cells, 410
Inflammatory Response, 410
Antimicrobial Proteins, 413
Fever, 415
Adaptive Body Defenses, 415
Antigens, 416
Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview, 416
Lymphocytes, 416
Macrophages, 418
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response, 418
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity, 420
Antibodies, 421
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response, 425
Organ Transplants and Rejection, 427
Disorders of Immunity, 429
Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses, 431
A Closer Look: AIDS: The Modern Day Plague, 432
Systems in Sync, 434
Summary, 435
Review Questions, 437
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 438
13. The Respiratory System, 440
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System, 441
The Nose, 441
Pharynx, 443
Larynx, 444
Trachea, 444
Main Bronchi, 445
Lungs, 445
The Respiratory Membrane, 447
Respiratory Physiology, 448
Mechanics of Breathing, 449
Inspiration, 451
Expiration, 451
Nonrespiratory Air Movements, 452
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities, 452
Respiratory Sounds, 453
External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration, 453
External Respiration, 454
Gas Transport in the Blood, 454
Internal Respiration, 456
Control of Respiration, 456
Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm, 456
Non-Neural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth, 456
A Closer Look: Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen, 458
Respiratory Disorders, 460
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System, 461
Focus on Careers: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), 462
Systems in Sync, 463
Summary, 465
Review Questions, 466
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 467
14. The Digestive System and Body Metabolism, 468
Part I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System, 469
Anatomy of the Digestive System, 469
Organs of the Alimentary Canal, 470
Mouth, 471
Pharynx, 472
Esophagus, 472
Stomach, 472
Small Intestine, 475
Large Intestine, 477
Accessory Digestive Organs, 479
Teeth, 479
Salivary Glands, 480
Pancreas, 480
Liver and Gallbladder, 481
Functions of the Digestive System, 481
Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls, 481
Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus, 485
Food Ingestion and Breakdown, 485
Food Propulsion—Swallowing and Peristalsis, 485
Activities of the Stomach, 485
Food Breakdown, 485
Food Propulsion, 487
A Closer Look: Peptic Ulcers: “Something Is Eating at Me”, 488
Activities of the Small Intestine, 489
Food Breakdown and Absorption, 489
Food Propulsion, 492
Activities of the Large Intestine, 492
Food Breakdown and Absorption, 492
Propulsion of the Residue and Defecation, 492
Part II: Nutrition and Metabolism, 493
Nutrition, 493
Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients, 494
Carbohydrates, 494
Lipids, 494
Proteins, 494
Vitamins, 495
Minerals, 495
Metabolism, 495
Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells, 496
Carbohydrate Metabolism, 496
Fat Metabolism, 497
Protein Metabolism, 498
The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism, 500
General Metabolic Functions, 500
Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport, 501
Body Energy Balance, 502
Regulation of Food Intake, 502
Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production, 502
Body Temperature Regulation, 504
Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism, 506
A Closer Look: Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted, 508
Systems in Sync, 511
Summary, 512
Review Questions, 514
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 516
15. The Urinary System, 517
Kidneys, 518
Location and Structure, 518
Blood Supply, 521
Nephrons and Urine Formation, 521
Nephrons, 521
Urine Formation, 523
Characteristics of Urine, 524
A Closer Look: Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney, 526
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra, 528
Ureters, 528
Urinary Bladder, 528
Urethra, 529
Micturition, 530
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance, 531
Maintaining Water and Electrolyte Balance of Blood, 531
Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments, 531
The Link between Water and Salt, 531
Regulation of Water Intake and Output, 532
Maintaining Acid Base Balance of Blood, 535
Blood Buffers, 535
Respiratory System Controls, 537
Renal Mechanisms, 537
Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System, 538
Systems in Sync, 539
Summary, 540
Review Questions, 541
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 542
16. The Reproductive System, 544
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System, 546
Testes, 546
Duct System, 546
Epididymis, 546
Ductus Deferens, 546
Urethra, 548
Accessory Glands and Semen, 548
Seminal Vesicles, 548
Prostate, 548
Bulbourethral Glands, 549
Semen, 549
External Genitalia, 549
Male Reproductive Functions, 550
Spermatogenesis, 550
Testosterone Production, 552
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System, 553
Ovaries, 553
Duct System, 554
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes, 554
Uterus, 555
Vagina, 556
External Genitalia, 556
Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles, 557
Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle, 557
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle, 559
Hormone Production by the Ovaries, 561
Mammary Glands, 561
Survey of Pregnancy and Embryonic Development, 563
Accomplishing Fertilization, 563
Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development, 565
Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother, 566
Anatomical Changes, 566
Physiological Changes, 567
Childbirth, 569
Initiation of Labor, 569
Stages of Labor, 570
Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System, 571
Focus on Careers: Doula, 572
A Closer Look: Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy, 574
Systems in Sync, 577
Summary, 578
Review Questions, 580
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions, 581
Appendix A. Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes, 583
Appendix B. Periodic Table of the Elements, 586
Appendix C. Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals, 587
Appendix D. Answers to Did You Get It? and Multiple Choice Review Questions, 589
Photographic and Art Credits, 597
Glossary, 598
Index, 609

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