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Copyright, iv
Preface, xi
A Note About the Global Economic Crisis, xxi
1. Geography and Development in an Era of Globalization, 1
Development and Globalization, 2
The Meaning of Development, 2
Human Transitions and Development Processes, 5
Geography in Action: How Does Development Happen in the Information Age? Is It the Result of a “Creative Class”?, 9
Geography in Action: Demographic Transformation for More-Industrialized and Less-Industrialized Countries, 15
Globalization as a Human Transition?, 17
Geography in Action: Globalization Vignettes, 20
Nature, Society, and Development, 24
How Places Are Classified Environmentally, 24
Use of the Environment, 35
Geography in Action: Soil Degradation, 36
Centers of Use and Habitat Modification, 39
Sustainability Issues, 46
Geographic Dimensions of Development, 51
Measures of Wealth and Their Unequal Geographies, 52
Geography in Action: The Green Revolution, 58
Patterns of Development, 61
Selected Theories of Development, 66
Geography in Action: Women, Development, and the Gender-related Development Index, 68
Summary, 70
Key Terms, 71
2. United States and Canada, 72
The Physical and Human Contexts of Development, 74
Landform Geography, 74
Geography in Action: The Battle for New Orleans, 80
Climate Regions, 82
Early Settlement: European Culture Cores, 85
Geography in Action: Landforms and Climate: Orographic Effects in the United States, 86
Geography in Action: North America’s First Citizens, 88
Westward Expansion and Receding Settlement Frontiers, 90
Demographic Characteristics, 98
The Geography of Economic Development, 102
Agriculture, 103
Resources for Industrial Growth and Development, 109
Manufacturing in the United States and Canada, 113
Urbanization in the United States and Canada, 122
Geography in Action: City Types and the American College Town, 124
Challenges in a Developed Realm, 125
Income Disparity and Regional Challenges, 126
African Americans, 127
Geography in Action: Appalachian Poverty, 130
Hispanic Americans, 131
Other Minorities, 135
Geography in Action: Canada’s Pluralistic Society, 136
Canadian Identity and Unity, 136
Geography in Action: The “Dearborn Effect”: Ethnic Clustering in Contemporary American Cities, 139
“Melting Pot,” “Stew Pot,” or What?, 140
Summary, 140
Key Terms, 141
3. Latin America and the Caribbean, 142
Physical Diversity and Cultural Heritage, 144
Physical Diversity, 145
The Roman and Moorish Heritage, 147
Geography in Action: Altitudinal Life Zones in the Andes, 149
The Colonial Period, 150
The Era of Independence, 155
Modern Latin America, 157
Geography in Action: Tropical Polyculture and the Conservation of Global Biodiversity, 158
Geography in Action: Return Migration and the Global Economy, 160
Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean: Lands of Contrasts, 166
Mexico: A Nation of Great Development Potential, 166
Geography in Action: The Globalization of Industry: Mexico’s Maquiladora Program, 173
Geography in Action: Environmental Degradation in Mexico City, 174
Central America: Region of Fragile Democracies and Widespread Poverty, 175
The Caribbean: Region of Cultural Diversity and Limited Physical Endowments, 179
South America: Regions of Uneven Development, 183
Andean South America: Lands of Physical and Social Fragmentation, 184
Geography in Action: Health and Development in the Humid Lowlands of Latin America, 190
Geography in Action: High-Altitude Adaptation in the South American Andes, 195
Southern South America: Lands of Economic Growth, 198
Brazil: Latin America’s Potential Economic Giant, 203
Geography in Action: Latin America’s Street Children, 204
Summary, 210
Key Terms, 211
4. Europe, 212
The European Habitat, 214
Landform Geography, 214
Climate Regions, 218
Hydrogeography, 221
Mineral Resources, 221
Environmental Modifications, 221
Geography in Action: The Rhine River: Economic and Cultural Significance, 223
Environmental Problems, 224
Geography in Action: Dutch Coastline Alteration, 225
Geography in Action: The Black Triangle, 226
European Union Environmental Policies, 227
Europe’s Cultural and Economic Environment, 227
Geography in Action: Scandinavia’s Renewable Energy Future, 228
Religious Regions, 228
Language Patterns, 231
Population Contours, 231
Standard of Living, 233
Immigration Issues, 233
Europe’s Cities, 237
Geography in Action: Bicycling in European Cities, 239
Primary and Secondary Industries, 241
Industrial Rejuvenation, 242
Service Industries, 244
Agriculture, 246
The Political Geographical Context of the European Union, 250
Separatism, 250
Geography in Action: Liechtenstein: A European Ministate, 252
Germany, 252
France, 255
Switzerland and Belgium, 255
Yugoslavia: A Balkan Tragedy, 256
The United Kingdom, 258
Italy, 259
Spain, 260
Poland, 262
Romania, 263
The European Union, 264
Geography in Action: Turkey in the European Union? Cultural Regions in Conflict, 266
European Union—Economic Powerhouse, 267
Summary, 268
Key Terms, 269
5. Northern Eurasia, 270
Physical and Human Overview, 271
Physical Geography, 272
Historical Overview, 275
Geography in Action: Russia’s Natural Resources: Are They Worth It?, 276
Geography in Action: Environmental Problems and Prospects, 285
The Russian Federation’s Political Economy, 286
Post-Soviet Economic Policy, 287
Post-Soviet Changes in Society, 288
Geography in Action: Young People: Living in a New World, 290
Russia’s Economic Geography, 291
Geography in Action: Moscow: Emerging Global City?, 293
Putin’s Recentralizing Governmental System, 297
Geography in Action: The Caucasus: Development in a Dangerous Geopolitical Environment, 298
Countries of the Western “Near Abroad”, 301
Ukraine: Between Europe and Russia, 301
Geography in Action: Russia and the “Near Abroad”, 303
Belarus: Stuck in Transition, 304
Summary, 304
Key Terms, 305
6. Central Asia and Afghanistan, 306
Physical and Human Context, 307
Natural Regions, 308
Central Asian Heritage, 311
Geography in Action: Urban Geography and Housing, 316
Central Asia’s Development During and After the Soviets, 317
Society and Culture, 317
Demodernization, 319
Geography in Action: The Aral Sea, 322
Afghanistan and the Impact of Modernization, 324
Modern Afghanistan, 324
Geography in Action: Warlords and Opium, 326
Post 9/11 Impacts in Central Asia and Afghanistan, 327
Summary, 331
Key Terms, 331
7. The Middle East and North Africa, 332
Physical and Cultural Environments, 334
Physical Geography of the Region, 334
Land-use Patterns, 338
Geography in Action: Land Degradation in the Middle East and North Africa, 342
Geography in Action: Cairo: Dryland Metropolis in Distress, 345
Historical Overview, 346
Geography in Action: The Reassertion of Islamic Values, 350
The Mediterranean Crescent: Maximizing Limited Resources, 353
Large States, Integrated Economies, 354
Geography in Action: The Assertion of Learning and Secular Aspirations in the Middle East and North Africa, 359
Geography in Action: Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa, 364
Small States, Unique Economies, 364
The Gulf States: Living on Oil, 374
Regional Characteristics, 375
Geography in Action: Jeddah’s Urban Environmental Crisis, 378
Geography in Action: Overcoming North African and Middle Eastern Women’s Opportunity Constraints, 380
Development and the Petroleum Economy, 381
Geography in Action: Conflict in the Gulf, 382
The Impact of Oil, 386
Petroleum Powerhouses: Isolation and Globalization, 389
Summary, 398
Key Terms, 399
8. Africa South of the Sahara, 400
Legacy of Continuity and Change, 402
Environmental Diversity, 403
Precolonial Africa, 405
European Colonialism, 408
Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa, 410
Geography in Action: Africa’s Limited Green Revolution, 419
Development Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa, 420
Geography in Action: Gender Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa, 422
West, Central, and East Africa: Diversity in Development, 428
The Physical Environment, 428
Geography in Action: Deforestation in West and Central Africa, 432
West Africa, 433
Geography in Action: Tragedy in Sudan’s Darfur Region, 435
Central Africa, 440
East Africa, 443
Southern Africa: Development in Transition, 447
Environmental Characteristics, 447
Countries of Southern Africa, 449
South Africa: Country in Transition, 455
Geography in Action: Chronology of Apartheid Legislation and Related Postapartheid Events in South Africa, 456
Summary, 464
Key Terms, 465
9. South Asia, 466
South Asia’s Physical and Human Contexts, 468
Environmental Contrasts, 468
The Precolonial Heritage, 471
The Colonial Transformation, 474
Independence and Nation-State Building, 477
Geography in Action: Contesting Casteism, 480
India: Giant of the Subcontinent, 482
Population Contours of India, 482
Agricultural Development in India, 486
India’s Industrial Economy, 489
Geography in Action: “IT for All” and the Digital Divide, 494
Urban India, 494
Geography in Action: Globalization and India’s Diaspora, 495
India’s Neighbors, 497
Pakistan, 497
Nepal, 498
Bangladesh, 499
Sri Lanka, 501
Summary, 503
Key Terms, 503
10. East Asia, 504
China: Emerging Global Powerhouse, 505
Environmental Diversity, 506
Geography in Action: The Three Gorges Project: Dams and Development, 510
Spatial Evolution of Chinese Culture, 511
East Meets West, 514
Transformation of Agricultural Production, 516
Geography in Action: Chinese Apple Exports and Globalization, 519
Industry and Regional Economic Growth, 519
Geography in Action: Hong Kong’s Past, Present, and Future, 525
Geography in Action: The 2008 Beijing Olympics and Development, 527
Urbanization and Migration, 528
Geography in Action: China’s Urban Floating Population, 529
Population Contours, 529
Environmental Sustainability, 532
Challenges to China’s Future, 534
China’s Pacific Rim Neighbors, 534
The Two Koreas, 534
Taiwan, 537
Japan: Tradition and Modernity, 538
A Challenging Physical Environment, 539
The Cultural and Historical Past, 542
Modernization and the Japan Model, 545
Geography in Action: Confucianism and Development, 547
Geography in Action: Japanese Auto Transplants, 549
The Consequences of the Japan Model, 551
Geography in Action: The Outsiders: Historical Minorities in Japan, 556
Japan’s Third Transformation: Charting a New Course, 556
Summary, 558
Key Terms, 559
11. Southeast Asia, 560
Southeast Asia’s Physical and Human Context, 561
Areal Organization and Environmental Patterns, 562
Pre-European Culture and Economy, 564
Colonialism and Development, 565
Geography in Action: The Asian Tsunami, 566
Modern Economic Growth and Stagnation, 568
Geography in Action: Overseas Chinese, 569
Environmental Challenges, 571
Insular Southeast Asia, 573
Singapore, 573
Malaysia, 575
Indonesia, 576
The Philippines, 579
Geography in Action: Transnational Migrants and the Regional Division of Labor, 581
Mainland Southeast Asia, 582
Thailand, 582
Viet Nam, 583
Cambodia (Kampuchea), 585
Myanmar (Burma), 586
Summary, 587
Key Terms, 587
12. Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands, 588
Australia, 590
Geography in Action: El Niño, 592
Agricultural Challenges, 593
Settlement and Population Growth, 594
An Urbanized Society, 596
The Australian Economy, 597
Geography in Action: The Rush for Mineral Resources: Western Australia, 600
Geography in Action: Great Barrier Reef, 602
Australia’s Future, 602
New Zealand, 604
A Pastoral Economy, 604
The Need for Industry and Diversification, 605
The Pacific Islands, 606
Regional Groupings, 607
Oceanic Challenges, 608
Examples of Island Challenges, 610
Summary, 613
Key Terms, 613
Glossary, G-1
Credits, CR-1
Index, I-1

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