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Copyright, ii
Preface, xv
Part I. Igneous Petrology, 1
Chapter 1. Some Fundamental Concepts, 2
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 2
1.1. Introduction to Igneous Petrology, 2
1.2. The Earth’s Interior, 4
1.3. Origin of the Solar System and the Earth, 6
1.4. Differentiation of the Earth, 8
1.5. How Do We Know All This?, 9
1.6. Meteorites, 11
1.7. Pressure and Temperature Variations with Depth, 12
1.7.1. The Pressure Gradient, 12
1.7.2. Heat Transfer and the Temperature Gradient, 13
1.7.3. Dynamic Cooling of the Earth: Geodynamics and Plate Tectonics, 15
1.8. Magma Generation in the Earth, 17
Summary, 20
Key Terms, 20
Review Questions and Problems, 20
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 20
Suggested Further Readings, 21
Chapter 2. Classification and Nomenclature of Igneous Rocks, 23
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 23
2.1. Introduction, 23
2.2. Compositional Terms, 24
2.3. The IUGS Classification, 25
2.3.1. Calculations and Plotting, 25
2.3.2. Phaneritic Rocks, 26
2.3.3. Modifying Terms, 28
2.3.4. Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks, 28
2.4. Aphanitic Rocks, 28
2.5. Pyroclastic Rocks, 30
Summary, 31
Key Terms, 31
Review Questions and Problems, 31
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 31
Suggested Further Readings, 31
Chapter 3. Textures of Igneous Rocks, 34
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 34
3.1. Primary Textures (Crystal/Melt Interactions), 35
3.1.1. Rates of Nucleation, Growth, and Diffusion, 35
3.1.2. Nucleation at Preferred Sites, 38
3.1.3. Compositional Zoning, 38
3.1.4. Crystallization Sequence, 39
3.1.5. Magmatic Reaction and Resorption, 41
3.1.6. Differential Movement of Crystals and Melt, 41
3.1.7. Cumulate Textures, 42
3.1.8. Primary Twinning, 43
3.1.9. Volcanic Textures, 43
3.1.10. Pyroclastic Textures, 44
3.2. Secondary Textures: Postmagmatic Changes, 45
3.2.1. Polymorphic Transformation, 45
3.2.2. Secondary Twinning, 46
3.2.3. Exsolution, 47
3.2.4. Secondary Reactions and Replacement, 47
3.2.5. Deformation, 49
3.3. A Glossary of Igneous Textural Terms, 49
Summary, 52
Key Terms, 53
Review Questions and Problems, 53
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 53
Suggested Further Readings, 53
Chapter 4. Igneous Structures and Field Relationships, 54
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 54
4.1. Extrusive, or Volcanic, Processes, Products, and Landforms, 54
4.1.1. Properties of Magma and Eruptive Styles, 54
4.1.2. Central Vent Landforms, 56
4.1.3. Fissure Eruptions, 60
4.1.4. Lava Flow Features, 60
4.1.5. Pyroclastic Deposits, 63
4.1.5.1. Pyroclastic Fall Deposits, 63
4.1.5.2. Pyroclastic Flow Deposits, 65
4.1.5.3. Pyroclastic Surge Deposits, 66
4.1.5.4. Comparing Pyroclastic Deposits, 66
4.2. Intrusive, or Plutonic, Processes and Bodies, 67
4.2.1. Tabular Intrusive Bodies, 67
4.2.2. Non-Tabular Intrusive Bodies, 71
4.2.3. Contact Relationships of Plutons, 72
4.2.4. Timing of Intrusion, 73
4.2.5. Depth of Intrusion, 73
4.2.6. Multiple-Injection and Zoned Plutons, 76
4.2.7. The Process of Magma Rise and Emplacement, and the “Room Problem”, 77
4.3. Hydrothermal Systems, 79
Summary, 80
Key Terms, 81
Review Questions and Problems, 82
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 82
Suggested Further Readings, 82
Chapter 5. An Introduction to Thermodynamics, 83
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 83
5.1. Energy, 83
5.2. Gibbs Free Energy, 84
5.3. The Gibbs Free Energy for a Phase, 85
5.3.1. Variations in the Gibbs Free Energy for a Phase with Pressure and Temperature, 86
5.4. Gibbs Free Energy for a Reaction, 88
5.4.1. Variation in the Gibbs Free Energy for a Reaction with Pressure and Temperature, 88
5.4.2. The Equilibrium State, 89
5.4.3. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Phase Diagrams, 90
Summary, 91
Key Terms, 91
Review Questions and Problems, 91
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 92
Suggested Further Readings, 92
Chapter 6. The Phase Rule and One- and Two-Component Systems, 93
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 93
6.1. Introduction: Crystallization Behavior of Natural Magmas, 93
6.2. Phase Equilibrium and the Phase Rule, 95
6.3. Application of the Phase Rule to the H₂O System, 96
6.4. One-Component Systems, 98
6.5. Two-Component (Binary) Systems, 100
6.5.1. Binary Systems with Complete Solid Solution, 100
6.5.2. Binary Eutectic Systems, 103
6.5.3. Binary Peritectic Systems, 106
6.5.4. The Alkali Feldspar System, 109
Summary, 111
Key Terms, 112
Review Questions and Problems, 112
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 112
Suggested Further Readings, 112
Chapter 7. Systems with More Than Two Components, 113
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 113
7.1. Three-Component (Ternary) Systems, 113
7.1.1. Ternary Eutectic Systems, 113
7.1.2. Ternary Peritectic Systems, 117
7.1.3. Ternary Systems with Solid Solution, 118
7.2. Systems with More than Three Components, 122
7.3. Reaction Series, 124
7.4. The Effects of Pressure on Melting Behavior, 126
7.5. The Effects of Fluids on Melting Behavior, 127
7.5.1. The Effects of H₂O, 127
7.5.2. The Effects of CO₂, 132
Summary, 133
Key Terms, 134
Review Questions and Problems, 134
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 134
Suggested Further Readings, 134
Chapter 8. Chemical Petrology I: Major and Minor Elements, 135
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 135
8.1. Analytical Methods, 136
8.2. Analytical Results, 139
8.3. Major and Minor Elements in the Crust, 140
8.4. Normative Minerals, 141
8.5. Variation Diagrams, 142
8.5.1. Bivariate Plots, 143
8.5.2. Triangular Plots: The AFM Diagram, 146
8.6. Using Variation Diagrams to Model Magmatic Evolution, 146
8.6.1. Pearce Element Ratios (PERs), 146
8.6.2. Graphical and Mathematical Models of Magmatic Evolution, 148
8.7. Magma Series, 152
Summary, 156
Key Terms, 156
Review Questions and Problems, 157
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 157
Suggested Further Readings, 157
Chapter 9. Chemical Petrology II: Trace Elements and Isotopes, 158
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 158
9.1. Element Distribution, 158
9.2. Models for Solid–Melt Processes, 161
9.2.1. Batch Melting, 161
9.2.2. Rayleigh Fractionation, 163
9.3. The Rare Earth Elements: A Special Group of Trace Elements, 163
9.4. Normalized Multielement (Spider) Diagrams, 166
9.5. Application of Trace Elements to Igneous Systems, 167
9.6. Geochemical Criteria for Discriminating Between Tectonic Environments: Discrimination Diagrams, 169
9.7. Isotopes, 170
9.7.1. Stable Isotopes, 171
9.7.2. Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotopes, 172
9.7.2.1. The K-Ar System, 173
9.7.2.2. The Rb-Sr System, 175
9.7.2.3. The Sm-Nd System, 177
9.7.2.4. The U-Th-Pb System, 179
Summary, 181
Key Terms, 181
Review Questions and Problems, 182
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 182
Suggested Further Readings, 182
Chapter 10. Mantle Melting and the Generation of Basaltic Magma, 183
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 183
10.1. Petrology of the Mantle, 184
10.2. Melting of the Mantle, 187
10.2.1. Raising Temperature, 187
10.2.2. Lowering Pressure, 188
10.2.3. Adding Volatiles, 188
10.2.4. A Brief Summary of Mantle Melting, 190
10.3. Generation of Basalts from a Chemically Uniform Mantle, 190
10.4. Primary Magmas, 194
10.5. A Chemically Heterogeneous Mantle Model, 196
Summary, 200
Key Terms, 200
Review Questions and Problems, 200
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 201
Suggested Further Readings, 201
Chapter 11. Magma Diversity, 202
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 202
11.1. Partial Melting, 202
11.2. Magmatic Differentiation, 204
11.2.1. Fractional Crystallization, 204
11.2.2. Volatile Transport, 209
11.2.3. Liquid Immiscibility, 210
11.3. Magma Mixing, 211
11.4. Assimilation, 213
11.5. Boundary Layers, In Situ Crystallization, and Compositional Convection, 215
11.6. Mixed Processes, 218
11.7. Tectonic–Igneous Associations, 219
Summary, 219
Key Terms, 220
Review Questions and Problems, 220
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 220
Suggested Further Readings, 220
Chapter 12. Layered Mafic Intrusions, 222
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 222
12.1. Igneous Layering, 223
12.2. Examples of Layered Mafic Intrusions, 224
12.2.1. The Bushveld Igneous Complex, 224
12.2.2. The Stillwater Complex, 228
12.2.3. The Skaergård Intrusion, 231
12.3. The Processes of Crystallization, Differentiation, and Layering in LMIs, 234
12.3.1. Gravity Settling, 235
12.3.2. Recharge and Magma Mixing, 235
12.3.3. Oscillations Across the Cotectic, 236
12.3.4. Compaction, 236
12.3.5. In Situ Crystallization and Convection, 236
12.3.6. Preferential Nucleation and Crystallization, 237
12.3.7. Density Currents, 238
12.3.8. Combined Processes, 241
12.4. Conclusion, 242
Summary, 242
Key Terms, 243
Review Questions, 243
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 243
Suggested Further Readings, 243
Chapter 13. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism, 244
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 244
13.1. Volcanism at Constructive Plate Boundaries, 244
13.2. The Mid-Ocean Ridges, 245
13.3. Structure of the Oceanic Crust and Upper Mantle, 248
13.4. MORB Petrography and Major Element Geochemistry, 250
13.5. MORB Trace Element and Isotope Geochemistry, 254
13.6. Petrogenesis of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts, 256
13.6.1. Mantle Melting: The Generation of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts, 256
13.6.2. Magma Chambers and the Creation of Oceanic Lithosphere, 259
13.6.3. The Influence of Spreading Rate, 264
Summary, 268
Key Terms, 268
Review Questions and Problems, 269
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 269
Suggested Further Readings, 269
Chapter 14. Oceanic Intraplate Volcanism, 270
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 270
14.1. Intraplate Volcanic Activity, 270
14.2. Types of OIB Magmas, 273
14.3. OIB Petrography and Major Element Geochemistry, 274
14.4. OIB Trace Element Geochemistry, 277
14.5. OIB Isotope Geochemistry, 279
14.5.1. Strontium and Neodymium Isotopes, 280
14.5.2. Lead Isotopes, 281
14.5.3. Helium Isotopes, 282
14.5.4. Osmium and Oxygen Isotopes, 285
14.5.5. Other Mantle Isotopic Reservoirs, 286
14.6. Nature of the Mantle, 287
14.7. Petrogenesis of OIBs, 291
Summary, 298
Key Terms, 298
Review Questions and Problems, 299
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 299
Suggested Further Readings, 299
Chapter 15. Continental Flood Basalts, 301
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 301
15.1. Large Igneous Provinces, 301
15.2. The Tectonic Setting of CFBs, 303
15.3. The Columbia River Basalts, 304
15.3.1. The Setting of the Columbia River Basalt Group, 304
15.3.2. CRBG Petrography and Major Element Geochemistry, 307
15.3.3. CRBG Trace Element Geochemistry, 309
15.3.4. CRBG Isotope Geochemistry, 310
15.3.5. Petrogenesis of the Columbia River Basalts, 312
15.4. Other Continental Flood Basalt Provinces, 314
15.5. Petrogenesis of Continental Flood Basalts and LIPs, 316
Summary, 321
Key Terms, 321
Review Questions, 321
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 321
Suggested Further Readings, 322
Chapter 16. Subduction-Related Igneous Activity, Part I: Island Arcs, 323
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 323
16.1. Island-Arc Volcanism, 324
16.2. Island-Arc Volcanic Rocks and Magma Series, 326
16.3. Major Element Geochemistry of Island Arcs, 329
16.4. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Arcs, 332
16.5. Petrography of Island-Arc Volcanics, 332
16.6. Island-Arc Trace Element Geochemistry, 334
16.7. Island-Arc Isotopes, 336
16.8. Petrogenesis of Island-Arc Magmas, 339
16.8.1. Thermal Constraints, 339
16.8.2. Dehydration and Melting in Subducted Slabs, 340
16.8.3. A Possible Model, 343
16.8.4. A Panoply of Arc Parental Magmas, 346
16.8.5. Mantle Re-enrichment, 348
Summary, 349
Key Terms, 350
Review Questions and Problems, 350
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 351
Suggested Further Readings, 351
Chapter 17. Subduction-Related Igneous Activity, Part II: Continental Arcs, 352
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 352
17.1. Introduction, 352
17.2. The Volcanic Andes of South America, 353
17.2.1. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Andean Volcanics, 354
17.2.2. Petrogenesis of Andean Volcanic Rocks, 359
17.3. The Cascades of the Western United States, 361
17.4. Plutonic Belts of Continental Arcs, 365
17.4.1. Geochemistry of the Peruvian Coastal Batholith, 367
17.4.2. Volcanic/Plutonic Equivalence, 369
17.4.3. Across-Axis Batholith Variations, 370
17.5. Petrogenesis of Continental-Arc Magmas, 373
Summary, 375
Key Terms, 376
Review Questions, 376
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 376
Suggested Further Readings, 376
Chapter 18. Granitoid Rocks, 377
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 377
18.1. Petrography of Granitoids, 378
18.2. Granitoid Geochemistry, 379
18.3. Crustal Melting, 380
18.4. Granitoid Classification, 383
18.4.1. The S-I-A-M Classification of Granitoids, 384
18.4.2. A Classification of Granitoids Based on Tectonic Setting, 385
18.4.2.1. Oceanic Granitoids, 385
18.4.2.2. Continental Orogenic Granitoids, 387
18.4.2.3. Transitional Granitoids, 388
18.4.2.4. Continental Anorogenic Granitoids, 390
18.5. Geochemical Discrimination of Tectonic Granitoids, 391
18.6. The Role of the Mantle in Granitoid Genesis, 392
18.7. Origin of the Continental Crust, 393
Summary, 395
Key Terms, 395
Review Questions, 395
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 396
Suggested Further Readings, 396
Chapter 19. Continental Alkaline Magmatism, 397
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 397
19.1. Continental Rift-Associated Alkaline Magmatism, 399
19.1.1. The East African Rift System, 400
19.1.2. Magma Series of the East African Rift, 401
19.1.3. Geochemistry of East African Rift Volcanics, 401
19.1.4. Isotopic and Trace Element Characteristics of East African Rift Magmas, 402
19.1.5. Mantle Enrichment and Heterogeneity Beneath the East African Rift, 404
19.1.6. Trends in East African Rift Magmatism, 406
19.1.7. Magma Evolution in the East African Rift, 406
19.1.8. A Model for East African Rift Magmatism, 407
19.2. Carbonatites, 409
19.2.1. Carbonatite Classification and Mineralogy, 409
19.2.2. Carbonatite Occurrences, 409
19.2.3. Field Characteristics of Carbonatites, 411
19.2.4. Carbonatite Geochemistry, 412
19.2.5. The Origin of Carbonatites, 412
19.2.5.1. Carbonatites as Primary Magmas, 414
19.2.5.2. Carbonatites as Differentiation Products of Primary Alkaline Silicate Melts, 416
19.2.5.3. Carbonatites as Products of Liquid Immiscibility, 417
19.2.5.4. Carbonatite Petrogenesis, 418
19.2.6. The Natrocarbonatite Problem, 419
19.2.7. The Source of Volatiles in the Mantle, 420
19.3. Highly Potassic Rocks, 420
19.3.1. Lamproites, 421
19.3.2. Lamprophyres, 423
19.3.3. Kimberlites, 425
19.3.3.1. Petrography of Kimberlites, 425
19.3.3.2. Kimberlite–Orangeite Field Relationships, 426
19.3.3.3. Kimberlite–Orangeite Geochemistry, 427
19.3.3.4. Petrogenesis of Kimberlites and Orangeites, 429
19.4. Mantle Metasomatism and Mantle Xenoliths, 431
Summary, 433
Key Terms, 434
Review Questions, 434
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 434
Suggested Further Readings, 434
Chapter 20. Anorthosites, 436
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 436
20.1. Archean Anorthosites, 436
20.1.1. Petrology and Geochemistry of Archean Anorthosites, 437
20.1.2. The Parent Liquid of Archean Anorthosites, 437
20.1.3. Petrogenesis of Archean Anorthosites, 438
20.2. Proterozoic Anorthosites, 439
20.2.1. Petrology and Geochemistry of Proterozoic Anorthosites, 439
20.2.2. The Parent Liquid of Proterozoic Anorthosites, 440
20.2.3. Petrogenesis of Proterozoic Anorthosite Massifs, 440
20.2.4. Lunar Anorthosites, 442
Summary, 442
Key Terms, 443
Review Questions, 443
Suggested Further Readings, 443
Part II. Metamorphic Petrology, 445
Chapter 21. An Introduction to Metamorphism, 446
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 446
21.1. The Limits of Metamorphism, 447
21.2. Metamorphic Agents and Changes, 448
21.2.1. Temperature, 448
21.2.2. Pressure, 449
21.2.3. Deviatoric Stress, 450
21.2.4. Metamorphic Fluids, 452
21.3. The Types of Metamorphism, 453
21.3.1. Contact Metamorphism, 453
21.3.2. Regional Metamorphism, 454
21.3.3. Fault-Zone and Impact Metamorphism, 457
21.4. The Progressive Nature of Metamorphism, 457
21.5. Types of Protolith, 458
21.6. Some Examples of Metamorphism, 458
21.6.1. Orogenic Regional Metamorphism of the Scottish Highlands, 459
21.6.2. Regional Burial Metamorphism, Otago, New Zealand, 461
21.6.3. Paired Orogenic Metamorphic Belts of Japan, 462
21.6.4. Contact Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks in the Skiddaw Aureole, United Kingdom, 463
21.6.5. Contact Metamorphism and Skarn Formation at Crestmore, California, 465
Summary, 467
Key Terms, 468
Review Questions, 468
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 469
Suggested Further Readings, 469
Chapter 22. A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks, 470
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 470
22.1. Foliated and Lineated Rocks, 471
22.2. Non-Foliated and Non-Lineated Rocks, 471
22.3. Specific Metamorphic Rock Types, 472
22.4. Additional Modifying Terms, 473
22.5. High-Strain Rocks, 473
Summary, 476
Key Terms, 476
Review Questions, 476
Important “First Principle” Concept, 476
Suggested Further Readings, 476
Chapter 23. Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks, 477
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 477
23.1. The Processes of Deformation, Recovery, and Recrystallization, 478
23.2. Textures of Contact Metamorphism, 483
23.3. High-Strain Metamorphic Textures, 486
23.3.1. Shear Sense Indicators, 488
23.4. Regional Orogenic Metamorphic Textures, 490
23.4.1. Tectonites, Foliations, and Lineations, 491
23.4.1.1. Foliations, 491
23.4.1.2. Lineations, 493
23.4.2. Mechanisms of Tectonite Development, 494
23.4.3. Gneissose Structure and Layers, 495
23.4.4. Other Regional Metamorphic Textures, 496
23.4.5. Deformation Versus Metamorphic Mineral Growth, 496
23.4.6. Analysis of Polydeformed and Polymetamorphosed Rocks, 503
23.5. Crystallographically Controlled Inclusions, 506
23.6. Replacement Textures and Reaction Rims, 506
23.7. Textural Geochronology, 508
23.7.1. Analytical Techniques and Suitable Minerals, 509
23.7.2. Examples of Textural Geochronology, 509
Summary, 514
Key Terms, 516
Review Questions and Problems, 517
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 517
Suggested Further Readings, 517
Chapter 24. Stable Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks, 518
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 518
24.1. Equilibrium Mineral Assemblages, 518
24.2. The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems, 519
24.3. Chemographic Diagrams, 522
24.3.1. Common Chemographic Diagrams for Metamorphic Rocks, 524
24.3.1.1. The ACF Diagram, 525
24.3.1.2. The AKF Diagram, 527
24.3.2. Projections in Chemographic Diagrams, 527
24.3.2.1. Projection from Apical Phases, 527
24.3.2.2. Projecting from Non-Apical Phases, 530
24.3.3. J. B. Thompson’s AKFM Diagram, 531
24.3.4. Choosing the Appropriate Compatibility Diagram, 534
Summary, 535
Key Terms, 535
Review Questions and Problems, 536
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 536
Suggested Further Readings, 536
Chapter 25. Metamorphic Facies and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks, 537
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 537
25.1. Metamorphic Facies, 537
25.2. Facies Series, 540
25.3. Metamorphism of Mafic Rocks, 542
25.3.1. Mafic Assemblages at Low Grades, 542
25.3.2. Mafic Assemblages of the Medium P/T Series: Greenschist, Amphibolite, and Granulite Facies, 544
25.3.3. Mafic Assemblages of the Low P/T Series: Albite–Epidote Hornfels, Hornblende Hornfels, Pyroxene Hornfels, and Sanidinite Facies, 546
25.3.4. Mafic Assemblages of the High P/T Series: Blueschist and Eclogite Facies, 547
25.4. UHP and UHT Metamorphism: The Extremes of Crustal Metamorphism, 549
25.5. Pressure–Temperature–Time (P-T-t) Paths, 551
Summary, 555
Key Terms, 556
Review Questions, 556
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 556
Suggested Further Readings, 556
Chapter 26. Metamorphic Reactions, 558
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 558
26.1. Polymorphic Transformations, 559
26.2. Exsolution Reactions, 560
26.3. Solid–Solid Net-Transfer Reactions, 560
26.4. Devolatilization Reactions, 560
26.5. Continuous Reactions, 565
26.6. Ion Exchange Reactions, 567
26.7. Oxidation/Reduction Reactions, 568
26.8. Reactions Involving Dissolved Species, 569
26.9. Reactions and Chemographics: A Geometric Approach, 569
26.10. Phase Diagrams for Multicomponent Systems That Involve Several Reactions, 571
26.11. Petrogenetic Grids, 574
26.12. Reaction Mechanisms, 575
Summary, 577
Key Terms, 578
Review Questions and Problems, 578
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 578
Suggested Further Readings, 578
Chapter 27. Thermodynamics of Metamorphic Reactions, 579
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 579
27.1. Calculating the Location of a Reaction Equilibrium Curve on a Phase Diagram, 580
27.2. Gas Phases, 581
27.3. Compositional Variation, 582
27.4. Geothermobarometry, 587
27.4.1. The Garnet–Biotite Exchange Geothermometer, 588
27.4.2. The GASP Continuous Net-Transfer Geobarometer, 591
27.4.3. Application of Geothermobarometry to Rocks, 592
27.4.4. Calculating P-T-t Paths from Zoned Crystals, 595
27.4.5. Sources of Error in Geothermobarometry, 598
27.4.6. Precision and Accuracy in Geothermobarometry, 599
27.5. Sources of Data and Programs, 600
Summary, 601
Key Terms, 602
Review Questions and Problems, 602
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 602
Suggested Further Readings, 602
Chapter 28. Metamorphism of Pelitic Sediments, 607
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 607
28.1. Diagenesis and Low-Grade Metamorphism of Pelites, 608
28.2. Medium P/T Metamorphism of Pelites: The Barrovian Sequence, 609
28.2.1. The Chlorite Zone, 609
28.2.2. The Biotite Zone, 610
28.2.3. The Garnet Zone, 613
28.2.4. The Staurolite Zone, 614
28.2.5. Pseudosections and High-Variance Reactions in KFMASH, 615
28.2.6. The Kyanite Zone, 620
28.2.7. The Sillimanite Zone, 621
28.2.8. Changes Above the Kyanite → Sillimanite Isograd, 621
28.2.9. The Effects of Non-KFMASH Components, 623
28.3. Low P/T Metamorphism of Pelites, 624
28.4. Partial Melting of Pelites, 627
28.5. Migmatites, 630
28.6. High P/T Metamorphism of Pelites, 631
Summary, 633
Key Terms, 633
Review Questions and Problems, 633
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 634
Suggested Further Readings, 634
Chapter 29. Metamorphism of Calcareous and Ultramafic Rocks, 635
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 635
29.1. Metamorphism of Calcareous Rocks, 635
29.1.1. Contact Metamorphism of Siliceous Dolostones, 636
29.1.1.1. Open-System Behavior, 637
29.1.1.2. Closed-System Behavior, 639
29.1.2. Regional Metamorphism of Siliceous Dolostones, 641
29.1.3. Fluid Infiltration in Calcic Rocks, 643
29.1.4. Metamorphism of Calc-Silicate Rocks, 644
29.1.4.1. Ankerite Zone, 645
29.1.4.2. Biotite Zone, 645
29.1.4.3. Amphibole Zone, 646
29.1.4.4. Zoisite Zone, 646
29.1.4.5. Diopside Zone, 646
29.2. Metamorphism of Ultramafic Rocks, 647
29.2.1. Regional Metamorphism of Ultramafic Rocks in the CMS-H System, 647
29.2.2. The Effect of Other Components, 650
29.2.3. The Effect of CO₂, 650
Summary, 652
Key Terms, 653
Review Questions and Problems, 653
Important “First Principle” Concept, 653
Suggested Further Readings, 653
Chapter 30. Metamorphic Fluids, Mass Transport, and Metasomatism, 654
Questions to be Considered in this Chapter, 654
30.1. Metamorphic Fluids, 654
30.1.1. The Nature of Metamorphic Fluids, 655
30.1.1.1. Volatile Species, 655
30.1.1.2. Nonvolatile Solutes, 656
30.1.2. The Role of Fluids in Metamorphism, 658
30.2. Metasomatism, 658
30.2.1. Metasomatic Processes, 659
30.2.1.1. Diffusion, 659
30.2.1.2. Infiltration, 660
30.2.2. J. B. Thompson’s Metasomatic Column, 662
30.2.3. Changes Associated with Metasomatism, 667
30.2.4. Examples of Metasomatism: Ultramafics, 669
30.2.5. Examples of Metasomatism: Calcareous Skarns, 674
30.2.6. Quantitative Models and Experiments of Metasomatism, 679
Summary, 681
Key Terms, 681
Review Questions and Problems, 681
Important “First Principle” Concepts, 681
Suggested Further Readings, 682
Appendix A. Estimating the Density and Viscosity of Silicate Melts, 683
Appendix B. The CIPW Norm, 686
Index, 693

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